TRAINING REPORT ON

T.V. BROADCASTING
Submitted By:-CHANDAN KUMAR JHA
BRANCH: ECE(5th SEM)
Roll No.-3108211
COLLEGE: S.I.E.T
SESSION: 2008-2012
CITY: AMBALA
HARYANA
Company Profile

 ESPN STAR Sports is Asia’s No. 1 sports broadcaster and content provider,
delivering an array of international and regional sports to viewers via its encrypted
pay and free-to-air services. In order to make it a reality, we need to keep on
attracting the brightest, most creative and talented people. People just like you!
 ESPN STAR Sports showcases sports from around the globe 24 hours a day to a

cumulative reach of more than 310 million viewers in 24 Asian countries, through
17 networks – each localized to deliver differentiated world-class programming.  
 ESPN STAR Sports also delivers sports news and interactive content on digital media

platforms including www.espnstar.com, www.espnstar.com.cn,

www.espnstar.com.tw, mobileESPN and STAR Sports Mobile. In addition, its Event
Management Group manages and promotes premier sporting events in Asia.
 ESPN STAR Sports is a 50:50 joint venture between two of the world's leading cable

and satellite broadcasters. As Asia's definitive and complete sports broadcaster and
content provider, ESPN STAR Sports combines the strengths and resources of its
parent companies – Walt Disney (ESPN, Inc.) and News Corporation Limited (STAR) –
to deliver a diverse array of international and regional sports to viewers via its
encrypted pay services.
INTRODUCTION

 Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a
dispersed audience via radio, television, or other, often digital
transmission media. Receiving parties may include the general public
 Television broadcasting (experimentally from 1925, commercially from

the 1930s): this video-programming medium was long-awaited by the

general public and rapidly rose to compete with its older radio-
broadcasting sibling.
 Cable radio (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and cable television

 (from 1932): both via coaxial cable, serving principally as transmission

mediums for programming produced at either radio or television
stations, with limited production of cable-dedicated programming.
 Satellite television (from circa 1974) and satellite radio

 (from circa 1990): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming

(as opposed to studio network uplinks and downlinks), provides a mix
of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with
satellite-dedicated programming.
TYPES OF BROADCASTING
 TERRESTRIAL.
 CABLE T.V.
 SATELLITE BROADCASTING.
TERRESTRIAL BROADCASTING
 It is form of T.V. Transmission over the air by
transmitter based on ground, just like doordarshan .
It is the oldest form of T.V. broadcasting. The
drawback with terrestrial broadcasting are:

1)Limited area of coverage.

2)High cost of transmission per square kilometer of
coverage.
3)Less number of channel.
4)Susceptible to ghosting.
◦ In India T.V. programmes are in PAL
formate.Other major formats in world are NTSC and SECAM.
◦ The T.V. channels in PAL format are grouped
into band as mention below:

BAND I or VHF-I or VHF-L :channel 2 to 4

BAND III or VHF-III or VHF-H :channel 5 to 12
BAND U or UHF :channel 21 to 69
CABLE T.V. BROADCASTING
 It is form of T.V. delivery system (some time
also called CATV) in which terrestrial , satellite
broadcast signal are received at headend and
mixed with in-house signal source like VCR’s ,
computers etc. and delivered to subscriber’s
T.V. at home via co-axial cables.

Advantage associated with cable T.V. are:

1)Large number of channels can be transmitted.

2)Local information can be sent to viewers.
3)Transmission of pay channels is possible.
4)Superfast internet access will be available soon.

The Band of CATV systems are all the

Terrestrial Broadcasting Bands plus Mid-band,
Super band and Hyper band consisting of
channels X to S10,S11 to S20 and S21 to S41
respectively
SATELLITE BROADCSTING
 It is form of T.V. transmission beamed from a
SATELLITE located in space in an orbit called
GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT. Dish antennas located on
ground with in the FOOTPRINT of the satellite can
receive the T.V. signal. The T.V. programm are
UPLINKED to the satellite from large dish antenna
called EARTH STATION. The path of signal from the
satellite to the receiving dish antenna is called the
DOWNLINK.

The advantages are:

1) low cost of transmission per square kilometer
of the coverage due to large area of coverage.
2) Large number of channels.
3)High quality picture and sound .no ghosting
4) pay channels possible.

The popular Satellite Downlink channels are

grouped into Band as mentioned below:

S BAND :2.5 to 2.7 GHz

C BAND :3.7 to 4.2GHz
Extended C BAND :3.4 to 3.7GHz
GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
 A satellite lying in the
geostationary orbit has a
period of rotation of 24
hours which matches that
of the earth below. It thus
appear to remain fixed
over a given longitude on
the earth below. Spacecraft
below this orbit move
faster than the rotational
speed of the earth; those
that orbit above move
more slowly than the
rotation of the earth.
SATELLITE FOOTPRINTS
 The satellites antenna transmit the TV
signal in a particular shape , called a
footprint, pointed at its coverage area.
Each satellite has its on characteristic
footprint, with the signal strongest at
the center and diminishing outward
from there. Those who live in a center
of the footprint can receive the signal
with a smaller dish antenna than those
out on the edges. A person in Japan
may need a 10-foot antenna to receive
the same quality picture as an
individual in Thailand with an –footer.
The most common home satellite
dishes are 6 to 12 feet in diameter.
C-band satellite transmit
low power signals, usually in the
neighborhood of eight to sixteen watts
only about as much as a car tall-light
bulb uses. By the time the satellite
signal reaches you .It is very weak in
deed. That is why such a large dish
antenna is necessary to pull the signal
AZIMUTH AND ELEVATION
 Azimuth and elevation are
the two basic coordinates
used to determine each
satellite’s position in the sky.
The azimuth coordinate
represents the bearing of the
satellite from your location.
While elevation is the angle at
which the dish look up at the
bird. Every satellite within
view of a specific installation
has its on unique pair of
azimuth and elevation
coordinates. Given the
satellite latitude and
longitude the azimuth and
elevation coordinates for any
satellite are fairly simple to
calculate.
EIRP
 EIRP-Effective Isotropic
Radiated power

EIRP is the power

level from the satellite
for a particular
geographic
location/footprint. It is
high at the centre of
the footprint and
gradually weakens
towards the edge. The
unit of EIRP is dBw.
SATELLITE TRANSPONDERS
 Every satellite serving the asian region has
several channel, called transponders, that
process communication traffic. A satellite can
have 24 or more transponders in operation,
each capable of transmitting one T.V. signal
or thousands of simultaneous telephone
conversations. Radio networks are also
present on many transponders, as well as
teletext news computer information service
and other data transmission.
Every transponder’s signal is
also polarized. Signals of opposite
polarization are received separately at the
receiving station. Polarization allows more
channels to fit into the limited range of
frequencies allocated for the satellites. Many
satellites have 12 horizontal and 12 vertical
transponders which overlap each other
without causing interference.
Satellite transponders
operate on frequencies high above those
used by the regular TV channels.
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED TO RECEIVE
THE SATELLITE SIGNAL
 ANTENNA:-
A parabolic
structure which collects
microwave signals beamed from
the satellite and focuses the
same onto LNB.
 LNB:-
RECEIVES & amplifies
microwave signals from the
antenna & down converts to I.F.
frequency range 950 to
1450MHz.
 CABLE:-
75 ohms coaxial
cable is used to carry the I.F.
signal from LNB to the satellite
receiver (RG 11 from
Commscope or Trilogy)
 ANTENNAS
 Antennas used
Why parabolic Antenna
are parabolic If flat antenna is used then the
dish antennas. Incident ray and Reflected rays
Are parallel to each other.

FOCUS

But if parabolic surface is used

Then all the reflected rays are
Meet at a point( LNB which
collect all the signal and
process it)
Geometry of parabolic dish
antenna
WHY ANTENNA IS PARABOLIC
 The less the F/D, the deeper the
dish,
the lower the gain and the greater the
rejection of unwanted signal
The choice of satellite dish can assist in
rejecting terrestrial interference in that
the
deeper the dish the more narrow will
be
its acceptance of satellite signals and
the
less chance unwanted signals will enter
the
feed assembly.
The deeper the dish and the larger
the
dish, the narrower is the central
reception
beam pattern
LOW NOISE BLOCK

 Device on the front of a Two types of LNB used

satellite dish that are :
receives the very low
level microwave signal Features of C-band LNB:
from the satellite,  Input Frequency :  3.4 - 4.2 GHz
amplifies it, changes the
signals to a lower Output Frequency : 950 - 1750 MHz
frequency band and LO Frequency :  5.15 GHz
sends them down the
Features of Ku band LNB:
cable to the indoor
receiver. Input Frequency : 10.7 - 12.75 GHz
 Output Frequency : 950 - 2150 MHz
LO Frequency : 9.75 GHz low band 
10.6 GHz high band
Noise Figure : 0.8 dB typical
FEEDHORN

 LNB is mounted on feed horn.

 It acts as an wave guide

which
drives the signal to LNB.
 UPLINK
Involves the transmission of information from an originating ground station to the
satellite

 TRANSPONDER
 An automatic device that receives,
amplifies, and retransmits a signal on a
different frequency
 DOWNLINK
 Retransmission of the information from the satellite
back to the ground
Satellite Signal Transmission

UPLINK AND DOWNLINK

Transponder

wnlink
6 GH
Hz Do
z Up 4G
link
Why Uplink Frequency is Greater Then
Downlink Frequency
 1)High power is required to penetrate the atmosphere and to
overcome free-space spreading loss and other disturbances
caused by the atmosphere....and high power can be achieved
if the frequency is increased 2)Also earth station must have
high directivity i.e narrow bandwidth....narrow bandwidth is
directly proportional to wavelength....lesser the wavelength
higher the frequency... 3)also high power requirement involves
the need for high power amplifiers which will increase the
weight and power supply ratings of the equipment.since earth
station is huge ,increase in weight does not has any effect.But
since satellite is small increase in weight requires high power
consumption which cannot be afforded and can results in
avoidable inefficiency................. and hence uplink frequency
is greater than downlink frequency
THANK YOU!