REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN
PREPARED BY:
ENGR. RAYMOND JAY G. SEVERO
 OBJECTIVES

 To understand terminologies connected

to reinforced concrete design.
 To understand why we needs to
reinforced concrete structure.
 To have knowledge on some standards
required for reinforced concrete
structure.
 INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE – is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel,
crushed rock, or other aggregates.

AGGREGATES – used in concrete may be fine aggregates

(usually sand) and coarse aggregates (usually gravel or
crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that pass through
a No. 4 sieve. Materials left are coarse aggregates.

WATER – used in mixing concrete. It must be clean and free

from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic
materials or other substance that may be deleterious to
concrete or reinforcement.
 INTRODUCTION

REINFORCED CONCRETE – it composes of concrete and

reinforcement (usually steel / deformed bars). Regards to the
concrete with high compressive strength it is necessary to add steel
which is high in tensile stress to provide the lacking tensile strength on
concrete, it is called reinforced concrete.
CONCRETE PROPORTION – Proportion of materials for concrete shall
be established to provide: (a) workability and consistency to permit
concrete to be worked readily into forms and around reinforcement
under conditions of placement to be employed, without segregation
or excessive bleeding. (b) resistance to special exposures, and
(c)conformance with strength test requirements.
 INTRODUCTION
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE – concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand-
and-gravel concrete is used principally to reduce dead load, or for
thermal insulation, nail ability, or fill.

HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE – concrete weighing up to about 60.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

can be produced by using heavier-than-ordinary aggregates. The
heavy concrete is used principally in radiations shields and
counterweights.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – Depending on the mix ( water-cement-ratio)

and the time and quality of curing, compressive strengths of concrete
can be obtained up to 97 MPa or more
 INTRODUCTION
The 28-day compressive strength of concrete can be estimated from
the 7-day strength by formula proposed by W.A. Sater:

𝑠28 = 𝑠7 + 2.5 𝑠7
𝑠28 - 28 – day compressive strength, Mpa
𝑠7 - 7 – day compressive strength, Mpa

WATER – CEMENT RATIO - Concrete strength is influenced chiefly by

the water-cement-ratio; the higher this ratio, the lower the strength.
Relationship is approximately linear when express in terms of c/w,
the ratio of cement and water.
𝑐
𝑠28 = 18.61 − 5.24
𝑤
 INTRODUCTION
METAL REINFORCEMENT

Deformed Reinforcement shall conform to the standards specified in

NSCP Section 5-3-5-3, with yield strength fy exceeding 415 MPa shall
be permitted, provided fy shall be the stress corresponding to a strain
of 0.35 percent and the bars otherwise conform to one of ASTM and
PNS specification.
Plain Reinforcement for spiral reinforcement shall conform to the
specification listed in NSCP Section 5-3-5-3-1. For wire with special
yield strength fy exceeding 415 MPa, fy shall be the stress
corresponding to a strain of 0.35 percent in the yield strength in the
design exceed 415 MPa.
 INTRODUCTION
Table for Reinforcement Sizes
Diameter Weight Area Perimeter
Bar No.
in mm Kg/m sq.mm mm
3 0.375 9.52 0.560 71 30
4 0.500 12.70 0.994 129 40
5 0.625 15.88 1.552 200 50
6 0.750 19.05 2.235 284 60
7 0.875 22.22 3.042 387 70
8 1.000 25.40 3.973 510 80
9 1.128 28.65 5.060 645 90
10 1.270 32.26 6.404 819 101
11 1.410 35.81 7.907 1006 113
14 1.693 43.00 11.384 1452 135
18 2.257 57.33 20.238 2581 180
 INTRODUCTION
Table for Reinforcement Grades and Strength

Min yield Ultimate

Referenced
Types Grade strength fy strength fu Size Restriction
ASTM Standard
(MPa) (MPa)
Grade 40 276 483
A615-85 Billet Steel #3 to #6 only
Grade 60 414 620
Grade 40 345 551 #3 to #11 only
A616-85 Rail Steel
Grade 60 414 620 #3 to #11 only
Grade 40 276 483 #3 to #11 only
A617-85 Axle Steel
Grade 60 414 620 #3 to #11 only
A706-84a Low Alloy Grade 60 414 551
A496-85 Reinf. 517 586
Def. Wire
A497-79 Fabric 483 551
Cold-Drawn Reinf. 483 551
A82-85
Wire Fabric 448, 386 517, 483
 INTRODUCTION
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
For the concrete with values of 𝑊𝑐 between 1500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 to 2500
𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 the modulus of elasticity may be taken:

𝐸𝑐 = 𝑊𝑐 1.5 (0.043 𝑓 ′ 𝑐) (MPa)

For normal weight of concrete, 𝐸𝑐= 4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 . And for non

pre-stressed concrete reinforcement 𝐸𝑠 may be taken 200,000
Mpa.
 INTRODUCTION
Details of Reinforcement

Standard Hooks
• 180 – degree bend plus 4𝑑𝑏 extension but not less than 60 mm
at free end of bar.
• 90 – degree bend plus 12𝑑𝑏 extension at free end of bar
• For stirrups and tie hooks:
a. 16mm diameter bar and smaller, 90 – degree bend plus
6𝑑𝑏 extension at free end of bar.
b. 20mm and 25mm diameter bar, 90 – degree bend, plus
12𝑑𝑏 extension at free end of bar.
c. 25 mm diameter bar and smaller, 135 – degree bend,
plus 6𝑑𝑏 extension at free end of bar.
 INTRODUCTION
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER (SECTION 407.3)

Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than

for stirrups and ties in size 10mm through 15 mm, shall not be less than
the values in Table 1-1.
Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less
than 4 𝑑𝑏 for 16mm bar and smaller. For bars larger than 16mm,
diameter of bend shall be in accordance with the Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 Minimum Diameters of Bends

Bar Size Minimum Diameter

10 mm to 25 mm 6𝑑𝑏
28 mm, 32mm and 36 mm 8𝑑𝑏
 INTRODUCTION
BUNDLE BARS

Group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as

a unit shall be limited to four in any one bundle. Bundled bars shall be
enclosed within stirrups or ties and bar larger than 32 mm shall be
bundled in beams.

Example 3 pcs. of 16 mm diameter is

equivalent to 28 mm diameter bar
 INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)

Minimum
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE (NON-PRE-STRESSED) Concrete
Cover
a Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75 mm
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
b 20 mm through 36 mm bars 50 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Slabs, Walls, Joists:
32 mm bar and smaller 20 mm
Beams, Columns
c
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40 mm
Shells, folded place members:
20 mm bar and larger 20 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 12 mm
 INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)
PRE-CAST CONCRETE (MANUFACTURED UNDER PLANT CONDITIONS) Minimum Concrete Cover

Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

Wall panels:
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 40 mm
36 mm bar and smaller 20 mm
a
Other members:
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 50 mm
20 mm through 36 mm bars 40 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 30 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Slabs, Walls, Joists:
45 mm and 60 mm diameter bars 30 mm
36 mm bar and smaller 15 mm
Beams, Columns
b
Primary reinforcement db but not less than 15 and need not exceed 40

Ties, stirrups, spirals 10 mm

Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm bar and larger 15 mm
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 10 mm
 INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)
Minimum
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Concrete
Cover
a Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75 mm
b Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall panels, slab, joists 25 mm
Other members: 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Slabs, Walls, Joists: 20 mm
Beams, Columns
Primary Reinforcement 40 mm
c Ties, Stirrups, Spirals 25 mm
Shells, folded place members:
16 mm bars, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 10mm
db but not less
Other Reinforcement than 20
BUNDLE BARS
INTRODUCTION
For bundle bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to
the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater than
50 mm, except for concrete cast against and permanently exposed
to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

Required at right angles to the principal reinforcement to
minimize cracking and to tie the structure together to ensure its
acting as assumed in the design. The provisions of this section are
intended for structural slabs only; they are not intended for soil-
supported slab on grade. Reinforcement are normal to flexure
reinforcement for the structural slab to provide flexure reinforcement
which extends in one direction only.
 INTRODUCTION
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the
determination of the loads that can be applied to a structure during
its life, and the worst possible combination of these loads that might
occur simultaneously. Loads may be classified as dead loads and live
loads.

DEAD LOAD
Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position. This
consist mainly of the structure and other permanent attachment of
the frame.
 INTRODUCTION
LIVE LOAD
Loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that
move under their own power are called moving loads. Other live loads
are those caused by wind, rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature
change. Wind and Earthquake loads are called lateral load.

ARRANGEMENT OF LIVE LOAD

Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof under
consideration, and the far ends of columns built integrally with the
structure may be considered fixed. It is permitted by the code to assume
the following arrangement of live loads.
1. Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on
two adjacent spans, and
2. Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on
alternate span.
 INTRODUCTION
REQUIRED STRENGTH (Factored Load), 𝑾𝒖

𝑾𝒖 = 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿
𝑾𝒖 = 0.75 (1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.7𝑊𝐿)
𝑾𝒖 = 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝑊
𝑾𝒖 = 1.1𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝐿𝐿 + 1.1𝐸𝐿
𝑾𝒖 = 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 1.1𝐸𝐿
𝑾𝒖 = 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.7𝐻𝐿
𝑾𝒖 = 1.75 (1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.4𝑇 + 1.7𝐿𝐿)
𝑾𝒖 = 1. 4(𝐷𝐿 + 𝑇)
 INTRODUCTION
Strength Reduction Factors, ∅ (PHI)
The design strength provided by a concrete member, its
connections to other members, and its cross sections, in term of flexure,
axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken as the nominal strength
multiplied by a strength reduction factor ∅ having the following values:
Flexure without axial load -------------------------------------------- 0.90
Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure ------------------- 0.90
Axial compression and axial compression with flexure
Spiral Reinforcement ------------------------------------------ 0.75
Tie Reinforcement and other reinforcement --------- 0.70
Shear and Torsion -------------------------------------------------------- 0.85
Bearing on Concrete --------------------------------------------------- 0.70
Post- tensioned anchorage zones --------------------------------- 0.85
view
THANK YOU!!!
QUESTION?
QUIZ NO. 1
IDENTIFY WHAT IS BEING ASKED: QUIZ 1
LIVE LOAD
_________________1. Loads that may change in magnitude and position.
FINE AGGREGATES
_________________2. Aggregates that pass through a No. 4 sieve.
_________________3.
WATER used in mixing concrete. It must be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic materials or other substance that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement.
0.75
_________________4. Reduction factor for an axial compression and axial compression
with flexure for spiral reinforcement.
CEMENT
_________________5. it is used as a binder into a concrete mixture.
75mm
_________________6. What is the concrete cover of concrete cast against and
permanently exposed to earth in a pre-stressed concrete.
_________________7.
40mm What is the concrete cover of column and beam primary
reinforcement in a non-pre-stressed concrete.
CONCRETE
_________________8. Is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other
aggregates.
_____________________9.
TEMPERATURE/SHRINKAGE reinforcement to minimize cracking and to tie the structure
together to ensure its acting as assumed in the design.
10. Explain why do we need to reinforced concrete?