MAGNETIC MATERIALS

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
MAGNETIC MATERIALS ARE CATEGORIZED AS MAGNETICALLY
HARD, OR MAGNETICALLY SOFT MATERIALS. MAGNETICALLY
SOFT MATERIALS ARE EASILY MAGNETIZED BUT THE INDUCED
MAGNETISM IS USUALLY TEMPORARY.
MAGNETIC FIELDS AND QUANTITIES
 MAGNETS

Magnet is a object that produces a magnetic field

around it. It will attract the materials like iron or
steel. The word magnet is derived from the name of
an island called magnesia in which it was
discovered.
 MAGNETISM

The force of attraction or repulsion present within a

magnetic field around the object is called magnetism. A
magnetic phenomena is universal in nature.
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
Magnetic fields are areas where an object exhibits a
magnetic influence. The fields affect neighboring objects
along things called magnetic field lines. A magnetic object
can attract or push away another magnetic object. You also
need to remember that magnetic forces are NOT related
to gravity. The amount of gravity is based on an object's
mass, while magnetic strength is based on the material
that the object is made of.
MAGNETIC FIELD
Magnetic fields are widely used throughout
modern technology, particularly in electrical
engineering and electromechanics. Rotating
magnetic fields are used in both electric
motors and generators. The interaction of
magnetic fields in electric devices such as
transformers is studied in the discipline
of magnetic circuits. Magnetic forces give
information about the charge carriers in a
material through the Hall effect. The Earth
produces its own magnetic field, which shields
the Earth's ozone layer from the solar wind and
is important in navigation using a compass.
EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
 MAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of

an electromotive force across an electrical conductor in a
changing magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction has found many applications,
including electrical components such as inductors and
transformers, and devices such as electric motors and
generators.
 MAGNETIC
INDUCTION
 MAGNETIC PARMEABILITY
Magnetic permeability (μ) is the ability of a magnetic material to
support magnetic field development. In other words, magnetic
permeability is the constant in the proportionality between
magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity. The greater the
magnetic permeability of the material, the greater the conductivity
for magnetic lines of force, and vice versa. The magnetic
permeability of a material indicates the ease with which an external
magnetic field can create a higher magnetic force of attraction in
the material. The SI unit of magnetic permeability is Henry per
meter.
MAGNETIC PARMEABILITY
 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

The susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or

repelled out of a magnetic field, which in turn has implications for
practical applications. Quantitative measures of the magnetic
susceptibility also provide insights into the structure of materials,
providing insight into bonding and energy levels.
If the magnetic susceptibility is greater than zero, the substance is
said to be "paramagnetic"; the magnetization of the substance is
higher than that of empty space. If the magnetic susceptibility is
less than zero, the substance is "diamagnetic"; it tends to exclude a
magnetic field from its interior.
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
 DIAMAGNETISM

CLASSIFICATION
PARAMAGNETISM
OF MAGNETISM
FERROMAGNETISM

ANTIFERROMAGNETISM

FERRIMAGNETISM
Because all materials have a different atomic structure
different materials react differently when placed in a
magnetic field. In its simplest form, the magnetic a
behaviour of a material is determined by its number of
unpaired electrons in each atom. In the atoms of most
elements electrons exist in pairs with each electron
spinning in a different direction causing them to cancel
out each other’s magnetic field, therefore no net
magnetic field exists. However, some materials have
unpaired electrons which will generate a net magnetic
field and therefore have a greater reaction to an
external magnetic field. Most materials are classified
either as ferromagnetic, diamagnetic or paramagnetic.
 DIAMAGNETISM

Diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied

magnetic field creates an induced magnetic field in them in the
opposite direction, causing a repulsive force. In contrast, paramagnetic
and ferromagnetic materials are attracted by a magnetic field.
Diamagnetism is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs in all
materials; when it is the only contribution to the magnetism, the
material is called diamagnetic. In paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
substances the weak diamagnetic force is overcome by the attractive
force of magnetic dipoles in the material.
DIAMAGNETISM
BISMUTH
ANTIMONY
 PARAMAGNETISM

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain

materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied
magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields
in the direction of the applied magnetic field. In contrast
with this behavior, diamagnetic materials are repelled by
magnetic fields and form induced magnetic fields in the
direction opposite to that of the applied magnetic field.
PARAMAGNETISM
ALUMINUM
TITANIUM
 FERROMAGNETISM

Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain

materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are
attracted to magnets. In physics, several different types of
magnetism are distinguished. Ferromagnetism (along with
the similar effect ferrimagnetism) is the strongest type and
is responsible for the common phenomena of magnetism in
magnets encountered in everyday life.
IRON
NICKEL
COBALT
 ANTIFERROMAGNETISM

A form of magnetism which occurs in materials which

contain unpaired where interactions between those who
wish to place it spins in the opposite direction are
stronger than the interactions which attempt to put the
spins are parallel.
 FERRIMAGNETISM

Ferrite exhibit a type of magnetism known as

ferrimagnetism. The ferrimagnetic materials does not lose
its magnetism even in the absence of external magnetic
field.
In ferrimagnetic materials atoms have opposing magnetic
moments or magnetic field strengths, but these opposing
magnetic moments are unequal. Therefore, there exist
some net magnetic moment.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON
FERROMAGNETISM
 CURIE TEMPERATURE

• CURIE POINT, IS THE TEMPERATURE

ABOVE WHICH CERTAIN MATERIALS
LOSE THEIR PERMANENT MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES, TO BE REPLACED BY
INDUCED MAGNETISM. THE CURIE
TEMPERATURE IS NAMED AFTER
PIERRE CURIE, WHO SHOWED THAT
MAGNETISM WAS LOST AT A CRITICAL
TEMPERATURE.
 Ferromagnetic materials get their magnetic properties
not only because their atoms carry a magnetic moment
but also because the material is made up of small
regions known as magnetic domains. In each domain,
all of the atomic dipoles are coupled together in a
preferential direction. This alignment develops as the
material develops its crystalline structure during
MAGNETIC solidification from the molten state. Magnetic domains
can be detected using Magnetic Force Microscopy
DOMAINS (MFM) and images of the domains like the one shown
below can be constructed.
 If a material consists of a single domain then it behaves as a
block magnet (Figure L (i) below) and so a “demagnetising
field” (the blue arrows) must be present around the block. This
MAGNETOSTATIC
external, demagnetising field has a magnetostatic energy that
ENERGY
depends on the shape of the sample and is the field that allows
work to be done by the magnetised sample (e.g. lifting another
ferromagnetic material against the force of gravity). In order to
minimise the total magnetic energy the magnetostatic energy
must be minimised. This can be achieved by decreasing the
external demagnetising field by dividing the material into
domains (Figure L (ii)). Adding extra domains increases the
exchange energy, as the domains cannot align parallel, however
the total energy has been decreased as the magnetostatic
energy is the dominant effect. The magnetostatic energy can be
reduced to zero by a domain structure that leaves no external
demagnetising field (Figure L (iii)).
 When a ferromagnetic material is
magnetized it changes length. This is
MAGNETOSTRICTIVE known as magnetostriction; an increase in
ENERGY length along the direction of magnetization
is positive magnetostriction (e.g. in Fe), and
a decrease in length is negative
magnetostriction (e.g. in Ni). These length
changes are usually extremely small; in the
range of tens of parts per million. However,
they do affect the domain structure of the
material.
In iron the change in length causes the domains of
closure to attempt to elongate horizontally (shown in
blue in Figure N (i)) and the vertical domains to attempt
to elongate vertically (shown in green in Figure N (i)). It
is impossible for both to be accommodated and so this
causes elastic strain in the material. The elastic strain
energy is proportional to the volume of the domains of
closure hence magnetostrictive energy can be
minimised by decreasing the size of these domains.
Reducing the volume of the domains of closure also
requires the primary domains to decrease in size and
increase in number (Figure N (ii)). The addition of extra
domain walls increases the magnetocrystalline and
exchange energy contributions to the total energy.