ECE 4371, Fall, 2017

Introduction to Telecommunication
Engineering

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 1

Aug. 21st, 2017

 Outline
 Instructor information
 Motivation to study communication systems
 Course descriptions and textbooks
 What you will study from this course
 Objectives
 Coverage and schedule
 Homework, projects, and exams
 Other policies
 Reasons to be my students
 Background and Preview

ECE 4371
 Instructor Information
 Office location: Engineering 2 W302
 Office hours: Tue. 10am-2:00pm, Other time including
weekend by appointment
 Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
 Phone: 713-743-4437(o), 301-996-2011(c)
 Course website:
http://www2.egr.uh.edu/~zhan2/ECE4371/ECE4371_4117.html
 Research interests:
Wireless Networking, Signal Processing, and Security
http://wireless.egr.uh.edu/

ECE 4371
 Motivations
 Recent Development
– Satellite Communications
– Telecommunication: Internet boom at the end of last decade
– Wireless Communication: next boom? iPhone
 Job Market
– Probably one of most easy and high paid majors recently
– Intel changes to wireless,
– Qualcom, Broadcom, TI, Marvell, Cypress
 Research Potential
– One to one communication has less room to go, but
multiuser communication is still an open issue.
– Wimax, 3G, next generation WLAN
ECE 4371
 Course Descriptions
 What is the communication system?
 What are the major types?
 Analog or Digital
 Satellite, Fiber, Wireless…
 What are the theorems?
 What are the major components?
 How is the information transmitted?
 What are the current industrial standards?
 What are the state-of-art research?
 Can I find a job by studying this course?
 Can I find research topics?
ECE 4371
 Textbook and Software
 Require textbook:
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Lathi and Ding
 Require Software: MATLAB
http://www.mathworks.com/ or type helpwin in Matlab environment
 Recommended readings
 Digital communications: J. Proakis, Digital Communications
 Random process: G.R. Grimmett and D.R. Stirzaker, Probability and
Random Processes
 Estimation and detection: H.V. Poor, An introduction to Signal
Detection and Estimation
 Information theory: T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas, Elements of
Information Theory
 Error correct coding: P. Sweeney, Error Control Coding

ECE 4371
 Homework, Project, and Exam
 Homework
 3-4 questions per week
 Projects: simple MATLAB programs
 Based on the simulation at the end of each chapter
 Exams
 Two independent exams plus final presentation/paper
 Votes for the percentages for homework, projects, and exams
 Participations
 Attendance and Feedback
 Quiz if the attendance is low

ECE 4371
 Teaching Styles
 Slides plus black board
 Slides can convey more information in an organized way
 Blackboard is better for equations and prevents you from
not coming.
 Course Website
 Print handouts with 3 slides per page before you come
 Homework assignment and solutions
 Project descriptions and preliminary codes
 Feedback
 Too fast, too slow
 Presentation, Writing, English, …

ECE 4371
 Other Policies
Any violation of academic integrity will receive academic and
possibly disciplinary sanctions, including the possible awarding
of an XF grade which is recorded on the transcript and states that
failure of the course was due to an act of academic dishonesty.
All acts of academic dishonesty are recorded so repeat offenders
can be sanctioned accordingly.
• CHEATING
• COPYING ON A TEST
• PLAGIARISM
• ACTS OF AIDING OR ABETTING
• UNAUTHORIZED POSSESSION
• SUBMITTING PREVIOUS WORK
• TAMPERING WITH WORK
• GHOSTING or MISREPRESENTATION
• ALTERING EXAMS
• COMPUTER THEFT
ECE 4371
 Reasons to be my students
 Wireless Communication and Networking have great market
 Usually highly paid and have potential to retire overnight
 Highly interdisciplinary
 Do not need to find research topics which are the most difficult
part.
 Research Assistant
 Free trips to conferences in Alaska, Hawaii, Europe, Asia…
 A kind of nice (at least looks like)
 Work with hope and happiness
 Graduate fast
 REU

ECE 4371
Chapter 1: Communication System

A B
Engineering System

Social System

Genetic System

History and fact of communication

ECE 4371
 Communication System Components

transmitter

Source Source Channel

Modulation D/A
input Coder Coder

channel Distortion and noise +

Reconstructed
Signal Source Channel
demodulation A/D
output decoder decoder

receiver

ECE 4371
 Communication Process
 Message Signal
 Symbol
 Encoding
 Transmission
 Decoding
 Re-creation
 Broadcast
 Point to Point

ECE 4371
 Telecommunication
 Telegraph
 Fixed line telephone
 Cable
 Wired networks
 Internet
 Fiber communications
 Communication bus inside computers to communicate
between CPU and memory

ECE 4371
 Wireless Communications
 Satellite
 TV
 Cordless phone
 Cellular phone
 Wireless LAN, WIFI
 Wireless MAN, WIMAX
 Bluetooth
 Ultra Wide Band
 Wireless Laser
 Microwave
 GPS
 Ad hoc/Sensor Networks

ECE 4371
 Analog or Digital
 Common Misunderstanding: Any transmitted signals are
ANALOG. NO DIGITAL SIGNAL CAN BE TRANSMITTED
 Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over time
– AM, FM for voice sound
– Traditional TV for analog video
– First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
– Record player
 Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value
– VCD, DVD
– 2G/3G cellular phone
– Data on your disk
– Your grade
 Digital age: why digital communication will prevail
ECE 4371
 ADC/DAC
 Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog
Conversion (DAC) are the processes that allow digital
computers to interact with these everyday signals.
 Digital information is different from its continuous counterpart
in two important respects: it is sampled, and it is quantized

ECE 4371
 Source Coder
 Examples
– Digital camera: encoder;
TV/computer: decoder
– Camcorder
– Phone
– Read the book
 Theorem
– How much information is
measured by Entropy
– More randomness, high
entropy and more information

ECE 4371
 Channel, Bandwidth, Spectrum
 Bandwidth: the number of bits per second is proportional to B
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

ECE 4371
 Power, Channel, Noise
 Transmit power
– Constrained by device, battery, health issue, etc.
 Channel responses to different frequency and different time
– Satellite: almost flat over frequency, change slightly over time
– Cable or line: response very different over frequency, change
slightly over time.
– Fiber: perfect
– Wireless: worst. Multipath reflection causes fluctuation in
frequency response. Doppler shift causes fluctuation over time
 Noise and interference
– AWGN: Additive White Gaussian noise
– Interferences: power line, microwave, other users (CDMA phone)

ECE 4371
 Shannon Capacity
 Shannon Theory
– It establishes that given a noisy channel with information capacity C and
information transmitted at a rate R, then if R<C, there exists a coding
technique which allows the probability of error at the receiver to be made
arbitrarily small. This means that theoretically, it is possible to transmit
information without error up to a limit, C.
– The converse is also important. If R>C, the probability of error at the
receiver increases without bound as the rate is increased. So no useful
information can be transmitted beyond the channel capacity. The theorem
does not address the rare situation in which rate and capacity are equal.
 Shannon Capacity

C  B log 2 (1  SNR) bit / s

ECE 4371
 Modulation
 Process of varying a carrier signal
in order to use that signal to
convey information
– Carrier signal can transmit far
away, but information cannot
– Modem: amplitude, phase, and
frequency
– Analog: AM, amplitude, FM,
frequency, Vestigial sideband
modulation, TV
– Digital: mapping digital
information to different
constellation: Frequency-shift
key (FSK)

ECE 4371
 Example
 Figure 1.6 page 12
 Modulation over carrier fc
s(t)=Accos(2fct) for symbol 1; -Accos(2fct) for symbol 0
 Transmission from channel
x(t)=s(t)+w(t)
 Correlator
T
 0.5 Ac  wT , for symbol 1
yT   x(t ) cos( 2f ct )dt  
0  0.5 Ac  wT , for symbol 0

 Decoding
– If the correlator output yT is greater than 0, the receiver output
symbol 1; otherwise it outputs symbol 0.

ECE 4371
 Channel Coding
 Purpose
– Deliberately add redundancy to the transmitted information, so
that if the error occurs, the receiver can either detect or correct it.
 Source-channel separation theorem
– If the delay is not an issue, the source coder and channel coder can
be designed separately, i.e. the source coder tries to pack the
information as hard as possible and the channel coder tries to
protect the packet information.
 Popular coder
– Linear block code
– Cyclic codes (CRC)
– Convolutional code (Viterbi, Qualcom)
– LDPC codes, Turbo code, 0.1 dB to Channel Capacity

ECE 4371
 Quality of a Link (service, QoS)
 Mean Square Error
N
1
MSE 
N
 | Xˆ
i 1
i  X i |2

 Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

Prec PtxG
 
 2
2
– Bit error rate
– Frame error rate
– Packet drop rate
– Peak SNR (PSNR)
– SINR/SNIR: signal to noise plus interference ratio
 Human factor

ECE 4371
 Multiplexing
 Space-division multiplexing
 Frequency-division multiplexing
 Time-division multiplexing
 Code-division multiplexing

ECE 4371
 Communication Networks
 Connection of 2 or more distinct (possibly dissimilar) networks.
 Requires some kind of network device to facilitate the
connection.
 Internet

Net A Net B

ECE 4371
 Broadband Communication

ECE 4371
 OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnections; Course offered next semester

ECE 4371
 TCP/IP Architecture
• TCP/IP is the de facto
global data
communications standard.
• It has a lean 3-layer
protocol stack that can be
mapped to five of the
seven in the OSI model.
• TCP/IP can be used with
any type of network, even
different types of networks
within a single session.

ECE 4371
 History of Telecommunication
 Table 1.1 page 17
– Prehistoric: Fires, Beacons, Smoke signals
– 6th century BC: Mail
– 5th century BC: Pigeon post
– 4th century BC: Hydraulic semaphores
– 490 BC: Heliographs
– 15th century AD: Maritime flags
– 1790 AD: Semaphore lines
– 19th century AD: Signal lamps

ECE 4371
 History of Telecommunication
 Audio signals:
– Prehistoric: Communication drums, Horns
– 1838 AD: Electrical telegraph. See: Telegraph history.
– 1876: Telephone. See: Invention of the telephone, History of the telephone,
Timeline of the telephone
– 1880: Photophone
– 1896: Radio. See: History of radio.
 Advanced electrical/electronic signals:
– 1927: Television. See: History of television
– 1930: Videophone
– 1964: Fiber optical telecommunications
– 1969: Computer networking
– 1981: Analog cellular mobile phones
– 1982: SMTP email
– 1983: Internet. See: History of Internet
– 1998: Satellite phones
ECE 4371
 Summary
 Course Descriptions
 Chapter 1: Communication System Structure
– Basic Block Diagram
– Typical Communication systems
– Analog or Digital
– Entropy to Measure the Quantity of Information
– Channels
– Shannon Capacity
– Spectrum Allocation
– Modulation
– Communication Networks
 Question on Chapter 2: Signals and signal space

ECE 4371