Copernican Revolution

Is major shift of worldwide views from

believing that the earth is the center of
the universe to believing the Sun
centered solar system which is
proposed by Nicolas Copernicus
 There are competing
models of the solar system

• GEOCENTRIC MODEL
• HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
Geocentric Model – supported by
Aristotle and Ptolemy
Heliocentric model – proposed by
Nicolas Copernicus
NICOLAS COPERNICUS – HE MADE THE
MANUSCRIPT “DE REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIM
COELESTIUM” (ON THE REVOLUTION OF HEAVENLY
SPHERES)

THE MANUSCRIPT WAS ONLY PUBLISHED AFTER HIS

DEATH ON 1543.
THE PUBLICATION OF DE REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIM COELESTIUM STARTED THE
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO GAVE EVIDENCES IN HELIOCENTRIC MODEL PROPOSED

BY NICOLAS COPERNICUS
• GALILEO GALILEI - INVENTOR OF TELESCOPE – PROVIDED FACTS EVIDENCES
THAT SUPPORTS THE HELIOCENTRIC MODE

• TYCHO BRAHE – MEASURED THE DISTANCE OF STARS AND MADE THE

GEOHELIOCENTRIC MODEL

• JOHANNES KEPLER – USED CALCULUS TO FORM LAWS AND FORMULAS THAT

ALSO MADE THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL FACTUAL
PROVING THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY WAS NOT EASY SINCE THE CHURCH WAS
AGAINST ITS CONCEPT.

WITH THE EVIDENCES GIVEN, THE HELIOCENTRISM WAS PROVEN AS THE REAL
MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION ITS CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE ESPECIALLY

ASTRONOMY IS REVOLUTIONARY
Darwinian Revolution
CHARLES DARWIN- ENGLISH NATURALIST, GEOLOGIST,
BIOLOGIST
STIRRING ANOTHER IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
IN MID 19TH CENTURY.
HIS TREATISE OF THE SCIENCE OF EVOLUTION
“ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES’ WAS PUBLISHED IN 1859 THAT
BROUGHT HUMANITY TO A NEW ERA OF INTELLECTUAL
DISCOVERY.
AROUND 150 YEARS AGO, AN ENGLISH NATURALIST NAMED
CHARLES DARWIN SHOCK THE WORLD WHEN HE WROTE A
BOOK SUGGESTING THAT HUMAN WERE RELATED TO APES.

TODAY DARWIN’ IDEA STILL FORMS THE BASIS OF WHAT WE

CALL THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION MEANS UNFOLDING, AND
IT IS USED TO DESCRIBED THE WAY THAT ALL LIVING THINGS
EVOLVE OR CHANGE WITH TIME.
THERE ARE THREE MAIN PARTS TO THE THEORY:

VARIATION – ALL LIVING THINGS VARY IN SIZE, SHAPE, COLOR, AND

STRENGTH. NO TWO ANIMALS OR PLANT ARE EXACTLY THE SAME.

ADAPTATION – VARIATIONS AFFECT WHETHER OR NOT A LIVING THING CAN

SURVIVE AND BREED. CERTAIN FEATURES, SUCH AS COLOR, MAY MEAN THAT
ONE ANIMAL OR PLANT HAS BETTER CHANCE OF SURVIVING THAN ANOTHER.
SOME ANIMALS AND PLANTS HAVE FEATURES THAT SUITS THEIR
SURROUNDINGS. IN OTHER WORDS, THEY ARE BETTER ADAPTED, AND THIS
USEFUL FEATURES ARE CALLED ADAPTATION
INHERITANCE- IF THE OFFSPRING INHERIT THE ADAPTATION THEY
TOO WILL HAVE A BETTER CHANCE OF SURVIVAL. GRADUALLY
OVER MANY GENERATION, THE BETTER ADAPTED PLANTS AND
ANIMALS FLOURISH AND THOSE THAT ARE LESS WELL ADAPTED DIE
OUT. MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT THIS PROCESS OF EVOLUTION
HAS LED TO THE MILLIONS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES THAT INHABIT THE
EARTH TODAY.

HUMAN EVOLUTION – IS THE REVOLUTIONARY PROCESS THAT LED

TO THE EMERGENCE OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS
BEGINNING WITH THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF PRIMATES
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud (1856-
1939)
LIKE MARX, A DETERMINIST

PEOPLE DETERMINED BY THEIR INSTINCTS

Life instinct: sex (libido)
Death instinct: aggression, self-
destruction
Freud: the Psyche
• Id: the raw instincts

• Ego: the manager of the id that sublimates the

instincts

• Superego: the “conscience” that manages the ego

according to social standards and morality
Sublimation vs. Repression
SUBLIMATION=POSITIVE REDIRECTION/ MODIFICATION OF
INSTINCTS

REPRESSION: WHEN AN INSTINCT IS NOT SUBLIMATED BUT

FRUSTRATED. THE INSTINCT DOES NOT GO AWAY BUT TAKES
THE FORM OF A NEUROTIC SYMPTOM
Civilization and its
Discontents (1930)
CAUSES OF SUFFERING
Body
External world
Relations with othersM
Freud: methods to avoid
suffering:
VOLUNTARY ISOLATION
HUMAN COMMUNITY
INTOXICATION
DISPLACEMENTS OF LIBIDO (SUBLIMATION)
DELUSION: ALTERNATIVE REALITY
MASS DELUSION=RELIGION
Freud: Why does civilization
bring discontent?
• CIVILIZATION IS THE RESULT OF HUMAN’S SUBLIMATING THEIR
INSTINCTS
• HOWEVER, CIVILIZATION DEMANDS TOO MUCH: CIVILIZATION CAN
REPRESS PEOPLE AND MAKE THEM NEUROTIC
• CIVILIZATION 1) MAKES PEOPLE DISCONTENTED; 2) IS FIGHTING A
LOSING BATTLE AGAINST AGGRESSION
 Freud & the arts
• LIBERATE THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND—AN ESCAPE FROM “CIVILIZATION”

• STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS (LITERATURE)

Proust, Joyce, Faulkner

• SURREALISM (LITERATURE & VISUAL ARTS)

Kafka
Miro, Klee, Dali, Kahlo, Magritte
Information Revolution
 New Media

 Definition & the Information Revolution

 Changing economics
 Changing regulation
 Social Issues
 Social Challenges:
 The Knowledge Gap
 Surveillance and loss of privacy
 Sharing and Market “Hacktivism”

Cmns 130
 History of New Media

 Since 1970s, but especially 1990s, nations concerned with the “

information highway”
 Treated the Internet like an 1840s challenge of the telegraph
 Concern that to remain competitive in a global trading economy,
nations needed to “wire up”
 Provide businesses, workers and consumers access to the Internet
for education, retail, entertainment
 Frontier metaphors often used
 Essential for economic transformation away from industrial to service/
information economies: the so-called “innovation agenda”
 In Canada, wired telco/cable providers dominated agenda: wireless
only now emerging

Cmns 130
 Building the Internet

 Nations regulate telecommunications internationally: agree

on bandwidth of electronic transmission, spacing of satellites,
sharing of costs/ interconnection
 Also develop technical standards for interconnection ( IP
protocols such as MP3)
 This is the international standards role of nations, businesses
and technical experts in creating a market for technology,
and ensuring consumers don’t buy technology which will not
work
 Business play a bigger and bigger role influencing this
shadow world of standards: citizens underrepresented
 But: companies still need states to rule on standards

Cmns 130
 Definition of New Media

 Digital communication
 Used in the production, distribution and reception of communication
 Involves use of new communication networks: Internet as mass medium

Cmns 130
 Information Revolution

 Digitization: using computers to store,manipulate

and transmit information in form of speech, text,
data, and video more cheaply and faster than
every before.
 Networking: distributed, fast digital networks wired
and wireless
 Convergence: refers to merging of what were three
separate industries: telecommunications,
computing, and electronics or broadcasting

Cmns 130
 Characteristics of New Media

 Convergence of telecommunications and entertainment/broadcast

media industries
 Wire or wireless communication
 Point to point or addressable
 Interactive ( two way) ( now multiple conferencing)

Cmns 130
 Characteristics Continued

 Interpersonal: ie. The terrain of telephony treats telephone

calls ( discretionary contact between two consenting
persons) as PRIVATE not PUBLIC communication ( where telco
distributors are not responsible for content of message)
 Multiple: can be Mass/Broadcast which is PUBLIC
communication ( broadcasters are responsible for message
in exchange for spectrum monopoly: hybrid character)
 Now a grey area of semi public/private communication (
can monitor cell phones, amass, monitor and store
unprecedented personal communication)

Cmns 130
 Digital Communication

 Where image text or sound is converted into binary numbers-

ones and zeroes ( 0/1)
 Digital codes can duplicate, track store or play back
complex kinds of content
 Strong when combined with ever greater chip capacity in
computers, and bundles of glass fibre ( fibre optics) capable
of carrying large quantities of information
 Current “revolution”: the Digital Video Disk
 DVDs: higher resolution, no rewinding,now coming
recordable for storage and intending to replace CDS
 Also: wireless Internet ( games on the cell phone)

Cmns 130
 Implication of Digitization

 Drive to animation and special effects

 Actors worried about cyber simulators replacing them
 Domination of nature: totally simulated worlds?
 Question of authenticity of image

Cmns 130