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Smart Pixel Arrays

This document discusses smart pixel arrays (SPAs), which integrate photodetector arrays and processing electronics on a single semiconductor chip. SPAs allow for parallel processing of large pixelated images by reducing complex images into manageable signals. The key components of an SPA include optical decoders, processing elements, I/O pins, VCSEL drivers, and photodetector arrays. SPAs enable high data transmission rates and processing speeds while reducing power consumption and interference. Potential applications include high-speed cameras, 3D imaging sensors, and optical data interconnects.

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Monisha Ravi
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621 views19 pages

Smart Pixel Arrays

This document discusses smart pixel arrays (SPAs), which integrate photodetector arrays and processing electronics on a single semiconductor chip. SPAs allow for parallel processing of large pixelated images by reducing complex images into manageable signals. The key components of an SPA include optical decoders, processing elements, I/O pins, VCSEL drivers, and photodetector arrays. SPAs enable high data transmission rates and processing speeds while reducing power consumption and interference. Potential applications include high-speed cameras, 3D imaging sensors, and optical data interconnects.

Uploaded by

Monisha Ravi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SMART PIXEL ARRAYS

Submitted by
E.S.Priyanka
16G01A0428
Dept of ECE
SVPCET,Puttur
CONTENTS:

 Introduction
 Crux of a smart pixel array
 Components of SPA
 Packaging of smart pixel arrays
 Applications, Advantages & Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 Future scope
UNDERSTANDING  A PIXEL :­
It is the smallest unit of picture that can be represented
or controlled. Each pixel has its own address.

The Address of a PIXEL corresponds to its co ordinates.


What is a SMART PIXEL??

Smart Pixels are the integration of photo detector arrays


and processing electronics on a single semiconductor chip .

These are driven by their capability to perform parallel


processing of large pixelated images by reducing a complex
image into a manageable stream of signals.
SMART + PIXEL = “SMART PIXEL”

The name SMART PIXEL is a combination of two 
ideas 

"PIXEL"  is  an  image  processing  term  denoting 


the smallest part of an image and 

"SMART" is coined from standard electronics and 
reflects the presence of logic circuits.
FINALLY, a smart-pixel array can be defined as a two-
dimensional array of optoelectronic devices that combines
optical inputs and outputs with electronic processing
circuitry.
SITUATION BEFORE THE ADVENT OF  
SMART PIXEL ARRAYS (SPAs):

In order to perform logical functions it requires a certain


amount of interaction for processing which took significantly
more optical energy .

This disadvantage forced the inventors to process the


logical functions electronically giving birth to the SMART
PIXEL ARRAYS.
WHY SMART PIXEL ARRAYS ??

Smart  pixel  arrays  (SPAs)  hold  great  promise  as  an  enabling 
technology  for  board­to­board  interconnections  in  digital 
systems

For taking advantage of the high space–bandwidth product of 
optics,  optically  interconnected  two  dimensional  arrays  of  smart 
pixels have emerged as an attractive interconnection platform

SPAs as an emerging optoelectronic technology is crucial to meet 
the  demanding  performance  needs  in  high­speed  switching  ; 
optical  interconnects  in  computers,  and  flat­panel  display 
applications
CRUX OF SMART PIXEL ARRAYS

    “Process electronically, communicate optically.”
VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING 
LASER  (VCSEL)

The Vertical Cavity Surface


Emitting Laser (VCSEL) is a
very important and useful
light source.

They are constructed out of


material that is convenient
for fabrication of photo
detectors and in some cases
logic.
COMPONENTS  OF SPA :

 OPTICAL DECODER

 PROCESSING ELEMENTS

 I/O PINS

 VCSEL DRIVERS

PHOTO DETECTOR ARRAY
PACKAGING :

Thermosonic flip-chip bonding is


used to mount both the VCSEL chip
and the CMOS chip to the glass
substrate.

  Then they are mounted in ceramic


packages which have holes drilled in
their bottoms in order to provide
optical access.

The package is then closed by


adding the heat-sink/ground-plate.
APPLICATIONS OF SPAs

SPAs have an umpteen No. of uses in the field of image


processing, data processing, digital signal processing.

Many applications requiring high performance image


capturing use smart-pixel arrays, which integrate very
special functionality at the pixel level.

The 3D image sensors consisting of smart pixel arrays are


used to evaluate size, shape and volume in industrial
automation applications.

Smart pixel arrays are also used for optical data


interconnect and optical memory access.
 
Megapixel high speed camera

Microscopic topographer

3D camera
3D Image Sensor
ADVANTAGES OF SPAs :

Smart pixel arrays provide high data-transmission rates


through high-speed switching.

Smart pixel arrays provide decreased cross-talk, by virtually


eliminating interference phenomenon.

Smart pixel interconnects are lighter as they are made of


feather-light fiber ribbons when compared to today’s copper
wires.

Smart pixel arrays provide high processing speeds by


consuming significantly less optical power.
DISADVANTAGES OF SPAs

The greatest challenge being faced by smart-pixel technology is


economic.

There exists Potential problems’ in getting the electrical


design to interact with the optics

The low efficiency of photodetectors results in reduced


switching speed thus decreasing the data transfer rate.

Non-uniformity may result due to fabrication imperfections.


CONCLUSION:

Thus Smart pixel arrays , the integration of photodetector


arrays and processing electronics on a single semiconductor chip,
have been driven by its capability to perform parallel processing
of large pixelated images and in real-time reduce a complex
image into a manageable stream of signals that can be brought
off-chip. Data retrieval rates will also improve by orders of
magnitude by using smart pixel arrays.
 THE FUTURE 

The major goal will be to achieve more compact


packaging and to scale the SPAs to larger array dimensions.
The former not only leads to smaller components, but
shortens electrical connections within the SPA, thereby
leading to higher potential speeds.

The SPAs have a great prospect in the future especially in


the field of image processing.
THANK YOU

QUERIES

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