Analysis of Joists Beams and Girders

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
AND GIRDERS
Introduction
- In the analysis of beams and girders, the
beam or girder size, stress grade, and size
classification are usually known, and the
load is usually known or can be calculated.
- The intent is to determine if the existing
beam or girder is adequate to resist the
loads applied or to calculate the load
capacity of the beam or girder.
Check of Bending Stress
1. Calculate all the loads and load effects,
including the maximum moment, shear,
and reactions. Also calculate the dead
and live loads that will be used later for
the deflection calculations. Include the
self-weight of the member.
2. From the known stress grade (80%, 63%,
50%) and size classification (dimension
lumber, timbers, decking, glulam),
determine the applicable table to be used
in the design.
3. Determine the cross-sectional area 𝐴𝑥𝑥 ,
the section modulus 𝑆𝑥𝑥 , and the moment
of inertia 𝐼𝑥𝑥 .
4. Determine the applied bending stress 𝑓𝑏 .
5. Determine all the applicable stress
adjustment or 𝐶 factors, obtain the
tabulated bending stress 𝐹𝑏 , and
calculate the allowable bending stress:
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
6. Compare the applied stress 𝑓𝑏 from step

4 to the allowable bending stress
calculated in 𝐹𝑏′ step 5.
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
(a) If 𝑓𝑏 = ≤ 𝐹𝑏′ , the beam is
𝑆𝑥𝑥
adequate in bending.
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 ′
(b) If 𝑓𝑏 = ≥ 𝐹𝑏 the beam is not
𝑆𝑥𝑥
adequate in bending.
7. To determine the maximum allowable load
or moment that a beam or girder can
support, based on bending stress alone,
equate the allowable bending stress 𝐹𝑏′ to
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
and solve for the allowable maximum
𝑆𝑥𝑥
moment 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 and thus the allowable
maximum load.
Allowable maximum moment, 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
1. Beam Simply Supported at Ends –
Concentrated load 𝑃𝑇𝐿 at the center
𝑃𝑇𝐿 𝐿
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4
Concentrated load 𝑃𝑇𝐿 at any point
𝑃𝑇𝐿 𝑎𝑏
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐿
Uniformly distributed load 𝜔 𝑇𝐿
𝜔 𝑇𝐿 𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8
Couple moment 𝑀 at the right end
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀
Uniformly varying load: Maximum
intensity 𝜔 𝑇𝐿
2𝜔 𝑇𝐿 𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
9 3
Check of Shear Stress
8. Determine the applied shear stress 𝑓𝑣 or
𝑓𝑣′ if applicable.
For Rectangular Section
3𝑉
𝑓𝑣 =
2𝑏𝑑
′
3𝑉
𝑓𝑣′ =
2𝑏𝑑
8. Determine the applied shear stress 𝑓𝑣 or
𝑓𝑣′ if applicable.
For Circular Cross-Section
4𝑉
𝑓𝑣 =
3𝜋𝑟 2
′
4𝑉
𝑓𝑣′ =
3𝜋𝑟 2
Use 𝑉 ′ to calculate the applied shear
stress only for beams or girders with no
concentrated loads within a distance 𝑑
from the face of the support and where
the bearing support is subjected only to
confining compressive stresses. (use
𝑉 ′ only for beams or girders subject to
compression at the support reactions).
9. Determine all the applicable stress
adjustment or 𝐶 factors, obtain the
tabulated shear stress 𝐹𝑣 , and calculate
the allowable shear stress, 𝐹𝑣′ :
𝐹𝑣′ = 𝐹𝑣 x applicable adjustment
or 𝐶 factors
10. Compare the applied shear stress 𝑓𝑣 or
𝑓𝑣′ from step 8 to the allowable shear
stress 𝐹𝑣′ calculated in step 9.
1. If 𝑓𝑣 or 𝑓𝑣′ ≤ 𝐹𝑣′ , the beam is
adequate in shear.
2. If 𝑓𝑣 or 𝑓𝑣′ > 𝐹𝑣′ ,the beam is not
adequate in shear.
11. To determine the maximum allowable
load or shear that a beam or girder can
support, based on shear stress alone,
equate the allowable shear stress 𝐹𝑣′ to
applied shear stress 𝑓𝑣 or 𝑓𝑣′ and solve
for the allowable shear 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 and thus
the allowable maximum load.
Check of Deflection
12. Using the appropriate deflection
formulas, determine and compare the
live load and total load deflections to the
appropriate deflection limits:
𝐿
live load deflection, ∆𝐿𝐿 ≤
360
total load deflection (including creep),
𝐿
∆𝑘 𝐷𝐿 +𝐿𝐿 ≤ 240
𝐸 ′ = 𝐸 𝑥 applicable adjustment or 𝐶
factors
Check of Deflection
load that can be supported by a beam or
girder based on deflections alone,
equate the calculated deflection to the
appropriate deflection limit and solve for
the allowable maximum load.
Check of Bearing Stress
14. Determine the applied bearing stress or
compression stress perpendicular to the
grain and compare to the allowable
compression stress perpendicular to the
grain.
𝑅1 𝑅1 ′
𝑓𝑐⊥ = = ≤ 𝐹𝑐⊥
𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑙𝑏
𝑅1
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 ≥ ′ (minimum required
𝑏𝐹𝑐⊥
bearing length)
load (or reaction) that can be supported
by a beam or girder, based on bearing
stress alone, equate the applied bearing
stress to the allowable bearing stress
and solve for the reaction 𝑅1 :
𝑅1 ′
= 𝐹𝑐⊥
𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
′ ′
𝑅1 = 𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑐⊥ = 𝑏ℓ𝑏 𝐹𝑐⊥
The allowable maximum reaction 𝑅1 is
known using the above-mentioned
equation, determine the allowable
maximum total load based on bearing
stress alone using the relationship
between the maximum reaction and the
applied load.

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ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

6. Compare the applied stress 𝑓𝑏 from step

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