Scribd
Upload
149 views12 pages

Chapter 10 Temperature

This document discusses temperature measurement and thermal expansion. It begins by explaining that temperature is related to the kinetic energy and motion of particles. It then describes how mercury thermometers work by expanding with increasing temperature. Thermometers must be calibrated by defining fixed points using phenomena like the melting and boiling points of water. Thermal expansion is also covered, explaining how bimetallic strips bend with temperature changes and the problems long pipes face from expansion.

Uploaded by

Giovanni Slack
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
149 views12 pages

Chapter 10 Temperature

This document discusses temperature measurement and thermal expansion. It begins by explaining that temperature is related to the kinetic energy and motion of particles. It then describes how mercury thermometers work by expanding with increasing temperature. Thermometers must be calibrated by defining fixed points using phenomena like the melting and boiling points of water. Thermal expansion is also covered, explaining how bimetallic strips bend with temperature changes and the problems long pipes face from expansion.

Uploaded by

Giovanni Slack
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

1

Chapter
temperature

0 We intuitively know what ‘hot’


and ‘cold’ is, but our senses can
be fooled.
For example, if we touch a metal
ice tray and a plastic cup inside
the refrigerator, the ice tray feels
colder than the plastic cup even
though both items are at the
same temperature.
In order to study thermal physics,
we must have an objective and
reliable way of measuring
temperature.
10.1 Temperature

Chapter 10: Temperature


Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of a body that is related
to its degree of hotness.
Thermal Energy is a form of kinetic energy related to the
motion of the atoms and molecules of a body.
Other than kinetic energy, thermal energy can also be in the
form of radiation from hot objects.

Chapter 10: Temperature


Temperature at the Microscopic Level
Matter is made of small particles consisting of atoms or
molecules.

The particles in a body with a higher temperature will move


faster than the particles in a body with lower temperature.

This is known as the kinetic theory of matter. The theory


assumes that all matter consists of particles that are in
continuous motion.

Chapter 10: Temperature


A Laboratory Thermometer
Liquid-in-glass type of thermometer

Thermal expansion of the mercury results in an increase in the


length of the liquid mercury thread in the capillary.
Length of the mercury thread thermometric property

Chapter 10: Temperature


Mercury is chosen because:
• its temperature range (from −39 °C to 357 °C) is suitable for
laboratory use;
• it can be easily seen (it is opaque);
• its volume changes almost uniformly with temperature;
• it does not stick to glass.

The wall of the thermometer bulb is thin so that heat exchange between the
bulb and surrounding can occur quickly (fast response time).

The bulb has a large volume so that the mercury thread changes by a
large amount with a small change in temperature (increased sensitivity of
the thermometer).

Defined as the change in its thermometric


property per degree change in temperature.

Chapter 10: Temperature


Calibration
Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between a
measuring instrument and the physical quantity it is measuring.
For the laboratory thermometer, calibration relates the length of
the mercury thread to the temperature of the bulb.

Material A has a thermometric


property that varies linearly
with temperature. This will
simplify calibration as it only
requires two fixed points for a
complete calibration.

Material A and B are suitable for use as thermometers.

Chapter 10: Temperature


The Celsius Scale
In the Celsius scale, the lower fixed point is the temperature of
melting pure ice and the upper fixed point is the temperature where
pure water and steam are in equilibrium.
The fixed points will be the same under given conditions (e.g. at one
standard atmospheric pressure).

Setup to determine the lower and upper fixed points

Chapter 10: Temperature


Clinical Thermometer
A clinical thermometer is designed to measure body temperature
when its bulb is inserted into the mouth of a person.

A constriction is specially built into the capillary tube.

When the thermometer is removed from the mouth, the lower temperature outside
the body causes the mercury to contract. The mercury thread breaks at the
constriction allowing the observer to read the maximum temperature without
worrying about the thread moving due to the environment’s lower temperature.

Chapter 10: Temperature


10.2 Expansion

Chapter 10: Temperature


Advantages of Thermal
Expansion Bimetallic Strip
The bimetallic strip is made of two pieces of different metals, such as brass and
steel, riveted together. When heated, brass will expand more than steel causing
the bimetallic strip to bend.

The bimetallic strip is arranged so


that it will bend upwards to close the
electrical circuit when heated,
thereby activating the electric bell.

The bimetallic strip is arranged so


that it will bend downwards to open
the electrical circuit when it gets too
hot, thereby regulating the
temperature of the oven.

Chapter 10: Temperature


Disadvantages of Thermal
Expansion
A 1.0 m long water pipe made of steel will expand by
1.3 × 10−5 m for every degree Celsius rise in temperature.

Imagine a 10 km long water pipe undergoing a temperature


change of 10 °C. The change in the length of the pipe would
amount to 1.3 m!

Such an expansion could cause severe damages to the pipe.

Chapter 10: Temperature

You might also like