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Radar & Navigation

The document provides an introduction to radar, including its history, basic design principles, and applications. It discusses how radar works to detect objects using electromagnetic waves. The principles of radar measurement are also covered, such as how radar determines range, minimum and maximum unambiguous ranges, and range resolution.

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ridwanwidyantara
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125 views26 pages

Radar & Navigation

The document provides an introduction to radar, including its history, basic design principles, and applications. It discusses how radar works to detect objects using electromagnetic waves. The principles of radar measurement are also covered, such as how radar determines range, minimum and maximum unambiguous ranges, and range resolution.

Uploaded by

ridwanwidyantara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Radar, Navigation and

Remote Sensing
“Introduction of Radar & Principle Radar Measurement”

- Muhamad Ridwan Widyantara -


Introduce My CV

• Nama : Muhamad Ridwan Widyantara


• Pendidikan : - Politeknik Negeri Bandung (D3) - Teknik Telekomunikasi
- IT Telkom (S1) - Teknik Telekomunikasi
- Telkom University (S2) – Teknik Telekomunikasi
• Pengalaman Kerja : - PT Industri Telekomunikasi Indonesia (2013 - now)
- PT Huawei Tech Inv (2011 - 2013)
- PT Maxima Cipta Integrasi (2008 – 2009)
• Contact : [email protected]/08112253006
Sylabus

Introduction of Radar Radar Equation


History of radar, How Radar Works, Basic Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver
Design of radar and Applications Noise, Signal to Noise Ratio, Matched filter impulse response, Integration of
radar Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets, Cross section Fluctuations,
Radar Clutter-surface clutter, sea clutter and Land clutter ,weather clutter,
Transmitter Power, Pulse Repetition Frequency and Range ambiguities,
Antenna Parameters, system losses, propagation effects, other
Principle of Radar Measurement considerations.
Range Measurement, Pulse Repetation
Frequency, Minimal Measuring Range,
Maximum Unambiguous Range, Range
Resolution
MTI And Pulse Doppler Radar
Introduction, Delay line Cancellers, Multiple or staggered Pulse Repetition
Frequencies, Range gated Doppler Filters, Block Diagram of Digital Signal
Processor, Example of MTI radar Processor, Pulse Doppler Radar, Non
Radar Types and Frequency coherent MTI, MTI from moving platform, Other types of MTI, Airborne
Pulse Radar & Continuous Wave (CW) Radar radar.
and Radar Frequency Range
Reference
• M. I, Skolnik. Radar Handbook 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York,
2008.
• Mahafza, Bassem R. Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using
MATLAB Third Edition. CRC press, 2013.
• https://www.radartutorial.eu/index.en.html
Introduction of Radar
Introduction of Radar - History

• Radar was developed for military purposes during WW II


• The British and US Military used Radar to locate ships and
airplanes
Introduction of Radar – How Radar Works

Radar is an electromagnetic sensor for object detection, where


some information such as position, distance, speed and
characteristic can be known.
Introduction of Radar - Basic Design
3
1.Transmitter
5
1 2 4 2.Duplexer

3.Antenna System

4.Receiver

5.Indicator/Display
Introduction of Radar - Applications
3. Airport Radar
1. Weather Radar 2. Military Radar
Radar Frequency Ranges
A- and B- Band (HF- and VHF- Radar)
Over The Horizont (OTH) radars

C- Band (UHF- Radar)


Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS)

D- Band (L-Band Radar)

Air Route Surveillance Radars (ARSR)

E/F-Band (S-Band Radar)

Air Route Surveillance Radars (ARSR)

G- Band (C-Band Radar)

Mobile military battlefield radars

I/J- Band (X- and Ku- Band Radars)


Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR
Principle of Radar Measurement
Range Measurement

C0 . t
R=
2
R = Distance (meter)

𝐶0 = speed of light (3x108 m/s)

t = time (s)
Minimal Measuring Range (Rmin)

C0 . τ + 𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦
R min =
2
Maximum Unambiguous Range (Rmax)
C0 . 𝑇 − τ
R max =
2
 Rmax = unambiguous Range in [m]
 c0 = speed of light [3·108 m/s]
 T = Pulse Repetition Time (PRT) [s]
 τ = length of the transmitted pulse [s]
The maximum unambiguous range(Rmax) is the longest range to which a transmitted pulse can
travel out to and back again between consecutive transmitted pulses. In other words, Rmax is the
maximum distance radar energy can travel round trip between pulses and still produce reliable
information.

If t < T then the return signal arrives before the next pulse has been emitted.
If t = T then the return signal arrives exactly when the next pulse has been emitted.
If t > T then the return signal arrives after the next pulse has been emitted and there is an ambiguity, ie the radar
cannot tell whether the return signal has come from the first or second pulse.
Range Resolution

True Detection

False Detection

C0 . τ
𝑆𝑟 ≥
2
Discussion
1. Calculate the maximum pulse width on the radar if you want
to detect on 2 Boeing 777-200 with space 100 meter ?
2. Calculate Rmin and Rmax on the radar with specifications :
- Time of duplexer switch : 0.75µs
- Pulse width : 0.25µs
- Pulse Repetation Time : 100µs
Answers

1. Length of Boeing 777-200 “64 meter” ---- = (64x2)+100 = 228 meter


C0 . τ Sr . 2 228 . 2
𝑆𝑟 ≥ τ≤ τ≤ 𝝉 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 µs
2 C0 3𝑥108
2. - Rmin
C0 . τ + 𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 3𝑥108 . 0.75µ𝑠 + 0.25µ𝑠
R min = R min = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫
2 2
- Rmax
C0 . T − τ 3𝑥108 . 100µ𝑠 − 0.25µ𝑠
R max = R max = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟗𝟔 𝐊𝐦
2 2
Continuous Wave (CW) Radar
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) of
the radar system is the number of pulses
that are transmitted per second.

1
PRT =
PRF
Doppler Effect
Radar Types and Frequency
Two Basic Radar Types

1. Pulse Radar

2. Continuous Wave (CW) Radar


Pulse Radar

• Pulse Repetition Time (PRT=1/PRF)


• Pulse Width (PW) (Pulse Radar Block Diagram)
Continuous Wave (CW) Radar
Radar

range R
frequency

frequency excursion,
sweep bandwidth Bsweep beat frequency fb

time
sweep time Ts
(CW Radar Block Diagram)
2R
td  modulus of
c the spectrum
receiver Fourier
output transformation range
time
fb frequency
Background
1. Introduction of Radar
- History
- How Radar Works
- Basic Design
- Applications of Radar
- Radar Frequency Range

2. Principle of Radar Measurement


- Range Measurement
- Minimal Measuring Range
- Maximum Unambiguous Range
- Range Resolution

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