C Pro g ram m in g

Lectu re 4 : Variab les , Data Typ es

Lecture notes : courtesy of Ohio Supercomputing Center, science and technolgy support
 First Program
#include <stdio.h> Output :
int main()
{ Hello World!
/* My first program */
printf("Hello World! \n");

return 0;
}

 C is case sensitive.
 End of each statement must be marked with a semicolon (;).
 Multiple statements can be on the same line.
 White space (e.g. space, tab, enter, … ) is ignored.
 First Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() Output :
{
/* My first program */ Hello World!
printf("Hello World! \n");

return 0;
}
The C program starting point :
 main().
indicates where the program actually starts and
 main()
ends. {}
In general, braces {} are used throughout C to enclose a block of

statements to be treated as a unit.
COMMON ERROR: unbalanced number of open and close curly

brackets!
 First Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() Output :
{
/* My first program */ Hello World!
printf("Hello World! \n");

return 0;
}

 #include <stdio.h>
Including a header file
 stdio.h
Allows the use of function
 printf
For each function built into the language, an associated header file

must be included.

 printf() is actually a function (procedure) in C that is used for

printing variables and text
 First Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() Output :
{
/* My first program */ Hello World!
printf("Hello World! \n");

return 0;
}
Comments

/* My first program */

Comments are inserted between “/*” and “*/”

Or, you can use “//”

Primarily they serve as internal documentation for program

structure and function.
 Why use comments?
Documentation of variables, functions and algorithms


Ex) for each function, explain input and output of the


function, and the function does.
what

Describes the program, author, date, modification


changes, revisions,…
 Header Files
Header files contain definitions of functions and variables


Preprocessor insert the codes of a header file into the


source code. #include

Standard header files are provided with each compiler



To use any of the standard functions, the appropriate header file


should be included.
Ex) to use function , insert
 printf() #include <stdio.h>

In UNIX, standard header files are generally located in the


/usr/include subdirectory
 Header Files
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include “mylib.h”
The use of brackets <> informs the compiler to search

for the specified
the
file. compiler’s include directories

The use of the double quotes “” around the filename


informs the compiler to
start
for the specified file.the search in the current
directory
 Second Program
#include <stdio.h>
#define TAXRATE 0.10
int main () {
float balance;
float tax=0.0; /* declaration + initialization */
char rate=‘A’;
int credit_no=1;
balance = 72.10;
tax = balance * TAXRATE;
printf("The tax on %.2f is %.2f\n",balance, tax);
printf(“CREDIT RATE : %d/%c\n”, credit_no, rate);

return 0;
}

Output :
The tax on 72.10 is 7.21
CREDIT RATE : 1/A
 Names in C
Identifiers (variable name)

Must begin with a character or underscore(_)

May be followed by any combination of characters,

underscores, or digits(0-9)
Case sensitive

Ex)
 summary, exit_flag, i, _id, jerry7

Keywords

Reserved identifiers that have predefined meaning to the C

compiler. C only has 29 keywords.
Ex)
 if , else, char, int, while
 Symbolic Constants
Names given to values that cannot be changed.

Use preprocessor directive
 #define
#define N 3000
#define FALSE 0
#define PI 3.14159
#define FIGURE "triangle"
Symbols which occur in the C program are replaced by

their value before actual compilation
 Declaring Variables
Variable

Named memory location where data value is stored

Each variable has a certain type (e.g. …)
 int, char, float,
Contents of a variable can change

Variables must be declared before use in a program

Declaration of variables should be done at the opening brace of a

function in C. ( it is more flexible in C++ )

Basic declaration format


 data_type var1, var2, …;
 Examples)
int i,j,k;
float length, height;
 Data Typ es
: 1 byte, cap ab le of hold ing one character (ascii cod e)
 char
4 byte (on 32bit com p uter) integ er
 int :
: sing le-p recision floating point
 float
: doub le-p recision floating point
 double

type size min value max value

char 1byte -27 = -128 27-1 = 127
short 2byte -215 = -32,768 215-1 = 32,767
int 4byte -231 = -2,147,483,648 231-1 = 2,147,483,647
long 4byte -231 = -2,147,483,648 231-1 = 2,147,483,647

• Min/Max values are defined in <limit.h> header file

 unsigned type
 Use when representing only positive numbers
Data type size min max

unsigned char 1byte 0 28-1 = 255

unsigned short 2 byte 0 216-1 = 65,535

unsigned int 4byte 0 232-1 = 4,294,967,295

Negative integer representation
signed

first bit represents the sign of a number

Rest of bits represent the value of a number

Negative integer number

Represented as 2’s complement


number Bit representation

+5 00000101
1’s complement of 5 11111010
2’s complement of 5 11111011
-5 11111011
 floating point
real number : significant number + position of decimal point


Decimal point(.) can be placed anywhere relative to the significant


digits of the number

This position is indicated separately in the internal representation



Advantage of floating point representation


Support much wider range of values

Representing 314159265358979.3 vs 3.141592653589793


type size min max

(7 significant numbers) (7 significant numbers)
float 4 byte
-1.0E+38 1.0E+38
(15 significant numbers) (15 significant numbers)
double 8 byte
-1.0E+308 1.0E+308
Ascii Code
 Escape character
Starts with backslash(\)

Indicate special meaning and interpretation


Escape character meaning

\b backspace
\t tab
\n newline
\r formfeed
\" double quote
\' single quote
\\ back slash
code.c

output:
a 97
A 65
1 49
$ 36
+ 43
a 97
A 65
1 49
$ 36
+ 43
 getchar() , putchar()
 int getchar()
Defined in <stdio.h>,

Get one character input from keyboard and return the ascii value


 int putchar(int c)
Defined in <stdio.h>

prints one character provided as a parameter


#include <stdio.h> Output :

character input : A
int main() ascii code : 65
{
int c;

printf(“keyboard input (one character?)”);

c=getchar();

printf(“character input : %c\n”,c);

printf(“ascii code : %d\n”, c);

return 0;
}
 korea.c
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
short no_univ = 276;
int population = 48295000;
long budget = 237000000000000L;

printf(“korea info\n”);
printf(“univ no : %d\n”, no_univ);
printf(“population : %d\n”, population);
printf(“budget : %d\n”, budget);
Output :
korea info
return 0;
univ no : 276
} putpulation: 48295000
budget: -590360576
 Overflow?
(integer type) overflow

occurs when storing a value that is bigger than what can be

stored.

Ex) 2,147,483,647 (= 231-1) + 1 = ?


01111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
+ 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001
--------------------------------------------------
10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a=2147483647;

printf("%d,%d\n",a,a+1);
return 0;
}