Power Flow Studies

Presented By:

S Sri Rama Murthy ,Assistant professor

Department of Electrical and electronics Engineering

Mother Teresa Institute of Science and Technology,Sathupally

 What is a Load Flow Study???

It is a steady-state analysis whose target is to determine the

• Voltages
• Angles
• Real and Reactive power flows in a system under a given load conditions
• A load flow study also known as power-flow study
A load flow study is done on a power system
to ensure that

•Generation supplies the demand (load) plus losses.

•Bus voltage magnitudes remain close to rated values
•Generation operates within specified real and reactive
power limits
•Transmission lines and transformers are not overloaded.
 Power-flow Analysis Equations
The basic equation for power-flow analysis is derived from the nodal analysis equations for the
power system.
For example, for a 4-bus system

where Yij are the elements of the bus admittance

matrix,
Vi are the bus voltages
Ii are the currents injected at each node.

•The injected current equation at bus i can be written as

 Power-flow Analysis Equations

}Relationship between per-unit real and reactive power

supplied to the system at bus i and the per-unit current injected into the system at
that bus:

where Vi is the per-unit voltage at the bus;

Ii* - complex conjugate of the

per-unit current injected at the bus;
Pi and Qi are per-unit real and reactive powers.

Therefore,
Power-flow Analysis Equations
 Power-flow Analysis Equations
For the formulation of the real and reactive power entering a bus, we need to define the
following quantities. Let the voltage at the ith bus be denoted by

Also let us define the self admittance at bus-i as

Similarly the mutual admittance between the buses i

and j can be written as

Let the power system contains a total number of n buses. The current injected at bus-i is given
as
 Power-flow Analysis Equations

•It is to be
noted we shall assume the current entering a bus to be positive and that
leaving the bus to be negative. As a consequence the power and reactive power
entering a bus will also be assumed to be positive. The complex power at bus-i is then
given by,
 Power-flow Analysis Equations
Note that,

Therefore, substituting above result in complex power equation we get the real and reactive
power as,
 The Load Flow Problem

üThe starting point of a load flow problem is a single

line diagram of the power system, from which input data for computer solutions
can be obtained. Input data consist of
bus data, transmission line data and transformer data.
A
bus is a node at which one or many lines, one or many loads and generators are
connected.
 Formulation of load-flow study

üIn
a power system each node or bus is associated with 4 quantities, such as
1. Magnitude of voltage V
2. Phage angle of voltage δ
3. Active power P
4. Reactive power Q

üIn
load flow problem two out of these 4 quantities are specified and remaining 2 are required to be
determined through the solution of equation.
 Bus Classification
Depending on the quantities
that have been specified, the buses are classified into 3 categories.
 Each bus
is categorized into one of the following bus types:

1.Swing bus / slack bus

2.Load bus (P-Q bus)
3.Generator bus (P-V bus)
Methods for solving the load flow problem.

•The power flow equations are non-linear, thus cannot be solved analytically. A
numerical iterative algorithm is required to solve such equations
There are 4 methods of solving the load flow problem.
A) The Gauss Seidel Method
B) The Newton Raphson Method
C) Decoupled Newton Method
D) Fast decoupled method
 A standard procedure follows

1.Create a bus admittance matrix Y-bus for the power system

2.Make an initial estimate for the voltages (both magnitude and phase angle) at each
bus in the system
A Venture The Colors
3.Substitute in the power flow equations and determine the deviations from the
solution.
4.Update the estimated
Presentations are voltages based
Presentations are on some commonly known Presentations
numerical are
tools that can be tools that can be tools that can be
algorithms (e.g., Newton-Raphson
demonstrations. or Gauss-Seidel).
demonstrations. demonstrations.

5.Repeat the above process until the deviations from the solution are minimal.
 LOAD FLOW BY GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

•Gauss Seidel Method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non

linear algebraic equation. A power system is considered consisting of n
number of buses .
•Let it be assumed that all the buses other than the slack bus are PQ buses
•The slack bus voltage is specified and for (n-1) PQ buses the bus voltage
magnitude and angles are assumed .
•These values are then updated through an iterative process .
Algorithm of Gauss-Seidel Method for the system if only PQ
buses are present

Step 1. Formation of bus admittance matrix YBUS

Step 2. Iterative computation of bus voltage : A set of initial voltage values is

assumed and flat voltage start i.e. all voltage are set equal to the (1-j0) Except the
voltage of the slack bus.
 Bus voltage are calculated using equation

Where, i=2,3,4…….n; k=1,2,3…n also k≠i

Step 4. Computation of slack bus power : Computation of all bus voltages in step 3 yields Si*=
(Pi -jQi )
Step 5.Computation of line flows :Power flows on the various lines of the network are computed
.
 Algorithm modification when PV buses are also present
At PV buses
P and │V│ are specified and Q and δ are unknowns to be determined .
Therefore the values of Q and δ are to be updated in every GS iteration.
Let 2,3,…..m are PV buses and remaining m+1,…..n are PQ buses
Step1: Qi is calculated for each bus using equation
  
 
n
Qi ,inj   Im Vi  YikVk    Im Vi Yi1V1  Yi 2V2    YiiVi    YinVn 


 k 1 

Revised value Qi is obtained in each iteration is calculated by following

 
equation
Qi ,inj
k 
  Im Vi   k 1
Y V  Y V
i1 1 i2 2
k 
   YiiVi
 k 1
   YinVn
 k 1
Disadvantages
 It s convergence much slower and may be sometimes fail to do so.
 Example Problem
Q:For a sample system of fig 6.7 ,the impedances are given in table 6.6 .Its Admittance
diagram and corresponding Y-bus matrix is also given. The generators are connected at all
the four buses ,While loads are at buses 2 and 3.Values of real and reactive powers are
listed in table 6.7. All buses other than the slack bus are PQ type. Determine Unknowns at
all buses by using Gauss seidel iteration method(1-iteration)

1/18/19

Fig:6.7
 Impedance & Admittance Tables & Line Diagrams for a given
Impedance Table 6.5 Admittance Table 6.6
Problem

1/18/19
Bus Admittance Matrix for a given Power System Network
 1 1  P2,inj  jQ2,inj 0  0  
V2    0   Y21V1  Y23V3  Y24V4 

Y22 
 V 2 

1 1  0.5  j 0.2 
V2    1.04(2  j 6)  (0.666  j 2)  (1  j 3)
Y22  1  j 0 

1  4.246  j11.04 

V2   
 3.666  j11 
1
V2  1.019  j 0.046
1 1  P3,inj  jQ3,inj 1 0  
V3    Y31V1  Y32V2  Y34V4 
0 
Y33 
 V3 

1/18/19

1 1   1  j 0.5 
V3    1.04(1  j 3)  (0.666  j 2)(1.019  j 0.046)  (2  j 6)
Y33  1  j 0 
1  2.81  j11.627 
V3  
 3 .666  j11 
1
V3  1.028  j 0.087
 1 1  P4,inj  jQ4,inj 1 1 
V4    0   Y41V1  Y42V2  Y43V3 

Y44 
 V 4 


1 1  0.3  j 0.1 

V4    0   (1  j 3)(1.019  j 0.046)  (2  j 6)(1.028  j 0.087)

Y44  V4 
1  2.991  j 9.253 
V4   
 3  j9 
1
V4  1.025  j 0.0093

1/18/19
Let bus 2 be a PV bus now with v2=1.04 pu.Once again assuming a flat
voltage start, find Q2,δ2,V3,V4 at the end of the first GS Iteration. Given
, 0.2≤ Q2 ≤1 pu,
(Note δ20=0; i.e V20=1.04+j0)
 Qi , inj
k 
 Y V  Y V    Y V
  Im Vi   k 1
i1 1 i2 2
k 
ii i
 k 1
   YinVn
 k 1

  ImV Y V  Y V  Y V
 0 

1 0  0 
 Y24V4
0
Q2 ,inj 1 21 1 22 2 23 3

  Im1.04(2  j 6)1.04  1.04((3.666  j11)1.04  (0.666  j 2)  (1  j 3))

1
Q2,inj

  Im 0.0693  j 0.2097

1
Q2,inj
1
Q2,inj  0.2097
1

1 P2,inj  jQ2,inj 0  
 2 1    0 
0 
 Y21V1  Y23V3  Y24V4 
Y22  V2 

1 1  0.5  j 0.2079 

2    (2  j 6)(1.04  j 0)  (0.666  j 2)(1  j 0)  (1  j 3)(1  j 0)
Y22  1.04  j 0 

1  4.2267  j11.439 

2   
 3.666  j11 

 1.0512  j 0.0339  1.84658  0.032radians

1
2 0