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Short Course on Fracture and

Fatigue

Sumit Basu
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur 208016
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://home.iitk.ac.in/~sbasu

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What is fracture?

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Deformation versus fracture
Energy required to form a crack (energy required to
form two new surfaces) < Energy required to deform

It is energetically
favourable for a material to
form a defect than spend
energy in deforming

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Basic questions in fracture mechanics

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 Possible sources of the initial defect
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Fatigue
Aggressive
environments

Striations

Initial flaw

Corrosion due to ingress of chloride

into aluminium Hydrogen embrittlement

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Excessive deformtion

Uniaxial deformation of a cylindrical

bar of a ductile metal

Under a electron microscope, the

fracture surface shows a dimpled
structure.

The broken pieces show a typical

cup cone fracture pattern.
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Case study 1

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Fracture mechanics and engineering design

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Fracture leaves a footprint: fractography
From Sommers, 1967, Engng Fract. Mech, v1, pp539

Glass with a penny shaped crack at the centre under

combined shear and tension.

River patterns arise in amorphous materials due to

strong Mode I/III stress situations.

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Hackle

Mirror

Crack

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Hackle region

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River line pattern on a

fracture surface of epoxy
resin. From Hull,
Fractography, 1999

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LEFM and the concept of Stress Intensity factor

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Crack tip fields of a single, sharp, isolated crack

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The problem definition

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 r 0
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Fields as

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Mode I

Mode II

Mode III

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 Dominant terms in William’s asymptotic 34

solution

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 The universal nature of stresses at the tip of a
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sharp crack in an infinite body

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Mode I (opening mode) stress fields 38

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Mode II crack tip stress fields

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Displacement fields

Derive the Mode II displacement fields in the

polar coordinate system.

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 Summary of Mode I and II fields in Cartesian 41

system

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Mode III fields

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Fracture toughness and SIF

Critical stress intensity factor or fracture toughness

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Problem

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Problem

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Energy methods in fracture

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Griffith’s theory of crack growth

The crack will grow if:

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Problem

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 Relation between K and G
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¾y x
x
a
¢a
¢a

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Problem

F
h

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Problem

h
²0

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Problem

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Toughness control

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Configurational forces

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Problem

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Problem

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J integral

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Problem

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Some applications of fracture mechanics

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 Handbook solutions for SIFs 85

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Problem

For the design to be safe, the plate should be subjected to an inspection procedure that
can detect a crack at least 57.2 mm in size.

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Problem

stiffened

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catastrophic

stiffened

Arrest

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Problem

+-
= =

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SIF and life estimation

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Life estimation from Paris law

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Problem

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Leak before break

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Leak
Break

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Elasto plastic fracture mechanics

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Plastic zone at crack tip: quick estimates

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Plastic zone is much smaller in plane strain than in plane stress

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Plastic zone shape

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Typical plastic zone shapes in plane strain and plane stress plotted at the same value of
K.

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Strip yield model: Dugdale zone
Suitable for plastic zone ahead of cracks in polymers
and thin metal sheets

Cohesive zone

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Introduction to small strain plasticity

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Deformation theory of plasticity

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Estimation techniques for J

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Introduction to micromechanics

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Eigenstrains

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Gross and Seelig, Fracture Mecanics with an Introduction to Micromechanics, Springer, 2006
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 Eshelby’s (1916-1981) remarkable result for 140

ellipsoidal inclusions

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 Effective properties: solids with ellipsoidal 142

particles

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Micromechanics
RVE

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Averages

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Solids with cracks

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Voigt and Reuss estimates

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Dilute distributions

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Dilute distribution of penny shaped cracks

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Mori Tanaka estimates

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Self consistent estimates

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Bounds from energy methods

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Hashin Shtrikman variational principle

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Fracture testing

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Testing for KIc

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Testing ductile samples

Huge samples will be required to test high

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Fracture toughness testing for ductile materials

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Multiple sample method for J

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Concept of R curve

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Computational techniques in fracture

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Bueckner weight function method

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Calculating SIF using special elements

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 Computing the J integral using domain integral 218

technique

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SIF using interaction integrals

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Dynamic fracture

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 Why study dynamic fracture? 228

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Elastodynamics

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Rayleigh waves

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Penny shaped crack

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Propagating Crack

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 The propagation
direction q=0 becomes
unstable a certain
crack velocity and
branching becomes
possible.

Rayleigh wave
speed provides the
limiting speed of a
crack

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Crack branching and arrest

Arrest

Dynamic fracture toughness for 4340

steel, (Rosakis and Freund, 1982)
Static
toughness
Experiments on Araldite DCB specimen
(Kaltoff et al, 1977)

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Energy Concepts in dynamic fracture

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Problem: DCB specimen

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