Seeley’s

ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo

See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables

pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chapter 1

The Human Organism

Lecture Outline

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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy:
• investigates body structure
• the term means to dissect
Physiology:
• investigates processes and functions
• Human Physiology:
• studies the human organism
Systemic Physiology:
• studies body organ-systems
Cellular Physiology:
• studies body cells
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Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

Understand how the body:
• responds to stimuli
• environmental changes
• environmental cues
• diseases
• injury

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Types of Anatomy
Systemic:
• studies body organ-systems
Regional:
• studies body regions (medical schools)
Surface:
• studies external features, for example, bone
projections
Anatomical imaging:
• using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)
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Structural and Functional Organization 1

Six levels from chemical to organism:

1. Chemical:
• smallest level
• atoms, chemical bonds, molecules

2. Cellular:
• cells: basic units of life
• compartments and organelles
• examples are mitochondria, nucleus
Figure 1.1
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Structural and Functional Organization 2

3. Tissues:
• group of cells with similar structure and function
plus extracellular substances they release
• four broad types:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Figure 1.1
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Structural and Functional Organization 3

4. Organs:
• two or more tissue types acting together to
perform function(s)
• Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder,
kidney

Figure 1.1
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Structural and Functional Organization 4

5. Organ-System:
• group of organs contributing to some function
• for example, digestive system, reproductive
system

Figure 1.1
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Structural and Functional Organization 5

6. Organism:
• all organ systems working together
• includes associated microorganisms such as
intestinal bacteria

Figure 1.1
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Bart Harris/Getty Images
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Structural and Functional Organization 6

Figure 1.1
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Major Organs of the Body

Figure 1.2
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Organ Systems of the Body 1

Figure 1.3
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Organ Systems of the Body 2

Figure 1.3
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Characteristics of Life 1

Organization:
• functional interrelationships between parts
Metabolism:
• sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an
organism
• ability to acquire and use energy in support of these
changes
Responsiveness:
• ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
• includes both internal and external environments
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Characteristics of Life 2

Growth:
• can increase in size
• size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
Development:
• changes in form and size
• changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized—differentiation
Reproduction:
• formation of new cells or new organisms
• generation of new individuals
• tissue repair
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Homeostasis 1

Homeostasis:
• maintenance of constant internal environment despite
fluctuations in the external or internal environment
Variables:
• measures of body properties that may change in value
Examples of variables:
body temperature
heart rate
blood pressure
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Homeostasis 2

Normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease

around a set point
Set point: normal, or average value of a variable
Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point

Figure 1.4
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Homeostasis 3

Set points for some variables can be temporarily

adjusted depending on body activities, as needed:

Examples Common cause of change

body temperature fever

heart rate, blood pressure exercise

respiratory rate

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Homeostasis 4

Negative feedback is the main mechanism used

homeostatic regulation.
• A negative feedback response involves:
detection: of deviation away from set point
and
correction: reversal of deviation toward set point
and normal range

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Homeostasis 5

The components of feedback:

1. Receptor:
• detects changes in variable

2. Control center:
• receives receptor signal
• establishes set point
• sends signal to effector

3. Effector:
• directly causes change in variable
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Homeostasis 6

Figure 1.5
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Negative Feedback Control of Body Temperature

Figure 1.6
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Homeostasis 7

Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the

initial stimulus further stimulates the response
• system response causes progressive deviation away from
• set point, outside of normal range
• not directly used for homeostasis
• some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions
Example: childbirth
• generally associated with injury, disease
• negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
homeostasis
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Homeostasis 8

Comparison of negative feedback and positive

feedback

Figure 1.7
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Terminology and the Body Plan

Anatomical position:
• person standing erect with
face and palms forward
• all relational descriptions
based on the anatomical
position, regardless of
body orientation

Figure 1.8
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise
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Directional Terms 1

Superior: above
Inferior: below

Anterior: front (also: ventral)

Posterior: back (also: dorsal)
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and dorsal
(back) correspond to anterior and
posterior in humans

Figure 1.8
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Directional Terms 2

Medial: close to midline

Lateral: away from midline
Proximal: close to point of
attachment
Distal: far from point of
attachment
Superficial: structure close to
the surface
Deep: structure toward the
interior of the body
Figure 1.8
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Directional Terms 3

Figure 1.8
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Body Planes 1

Sagittal plane: separates the body

into right and left parts
Median plane: a sagittal plane
along the midline that divides body
into equal left and right halves
Transverse plane: a horizontal
plane that separates the body into
superior and inferior parts.
Frontal plane: a vertical plane that
separates the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
Figure 1.11
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Body Planes 2

Figure 1.11
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a) ©Eric Wise; (b,c,d) ©R. T. Hutchings
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Planes of Section Through an Organ

Figure 1.12
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Body Regions
Upper limbs:
• upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs:
• thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
Central region:
• head, neck, trunk

Figure 1.9
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Body Parts and Regions 1

Figure 1.9
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Body Parts and Regions 2

Figure 1.9
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Subdivisions of the Abdomen

Figure 1.10
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Body Cavities 1

Thoracic cavity:
• space within chest wall
and diaphragm
• contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland,
esophagus, trachea
Mediastinum:
• space between lungs
• contains heart, thymus
gland, esophagus,
trachea Figure 1.13
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Body Cavities 2

Abdominal cavity:
• space between
diaphragm and pelvis
• contains stomach,
intestines, liver, spleen,
pancreas, kidneys
Pelvic cavity:
• space within pelvis
• contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
part of large intestine Figure 1.13
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Serous Membranes 1

Line trunk cavities, cover organs

Structure:
• visceral serous membrane covers organs
• parietal serous membrane is the outer membrane
• cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes

Figure 1.14
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Serous Membranes 2

Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:

Membrane Cavity
Pericardium Pericardial cavity
around heart
Pleura Pleural cavity
around lungs
Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity
around abdominopelvic
cavity and its organs

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Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity

Pericardium
• visceral pericardium
covers heart
• parietal pericardium
thick, fibrous
• pericardial cavity
reduces friction

Figure 1.15a
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Pleura and Pleural Cavity

Pleura
• visceral pleura
covers lungs
• parietal pleura
lines inner wall
of thorax
• pleural cavity
• reduces friction
• adheres lungs
to thoracic wall
Figure 1.15b
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Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

Peritoneum
• visceral peritoneum
• covers, anchors
organs
• double layers called
mesenteries
• parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic
cavity
• peritoneal cavity
reduces friction Figure 1.15c
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