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Animal Reproduction & Development: AP Biology

Animal reproduction and development occurs through several key stages: 1) Oogenesis involves unequal meiotic divisions that produce one mature egg and two polar bodies. Meiosis is completed after fertilization. 2) Fertilization joins the sperm and egg, initiating cleavage and the first steps towards becoming multicellular. 3) Cleavage involves repeated mitotic divisions that establish the body plan and future development through unequal distribution of cytoplasm. 4) Gastrulation establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which give rise to the outer, middle, and inner tissues of the body.

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283 views22 pages

Animal Reproduction & Development: AP Biology

Animal reproduction and development occurs through several key stages: 1) Oogenesis involves unequal meiotic divisions that produce one mature egg and two polar bodies. Meiosis is completed after fertilization. 2) Fertilization joins the sperm and egg, initiating cleavage and the first steps towards becoming multicellular. 3) Cleavage involves repeated mitotic divisions that establish the body plan and future development through unequal distribution of cytoplasm. 4) Gastrulation establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which give rise to the outer, middle, and inner tissues of the body.

Uploaded by

julie raines
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Animal Reproduction

&
Development

AP Biology 2007-2008
What is the
advantage of
this development
Oogenesis system?

 Unequal meiotic divisions


 unequal distribution
of cytoplasm
 1 egg
 2 polar bodies
Meiosis 1 completed
during egg maturation

ovulation
Meiosis 2 completed
triggered by fertilization

Put all your egg


AP Biology in one basket!
Fertilization

 fertilization
 cleavage
 gastrulation
 neurulation
 organogenesis

AP Biology
Fertilization
 Joining of sperm & egg
 sperm head (nucleus) enters egg

AP Biology
Cleavage
 Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote
 1st step to becoming multicellular
 unequal divisions establishes body plan

 different cells receive different portions of egg


cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals

AP Biology
Cleavage
 zygote  morula  blastula
 establishes future development

zygote
gastrulation

morula
AP Biology blastula
gastrulation in
Gastrulation primitive chordates

 Establish 3 cell layers


 ectoderm
 outer body tissues
 skin, nails, teeth
 nerves, eyes, lining of mouth
 mesoderm ectoderm
 middle tissues
 blood & lymph, bone & notochord,
muscle mesoderm
 excretory & reproductive systems
 endoderm
 inner lining endoderm
 digestive system
 lining of respiratory, excretory &
reproductive systems

AP Biology
protostome vs. deuterostome
Testing…
All of the following correctly describe the fate of the
embryonic layers of a vertebrate EXCEPT

A. neural tube and epidermis develop from ectoderm


B. linings of digestive organs and lungs develop from
endoderm
C. notochord and kidneys develop from endoderm
D. skeletal muscles and heart develop from mesoderm
E. reproductive organs and blood vessels develop from
mesoderm

AP Biology
Testing…
In a study of the development of frogs, groups of cells in the
germ layers of several embryos in the early gastrula stage
were stained with five different dyes that do not harm living
tissue. After organogenesis (organ formation), the location of
the dyes was noted, as shown in the table below.

Tissue Stain
Brain Red
Notochord Yellow
Liver Green
Lens of the eye Blue
Lining of the digestive tract Purple

AP Biology
Neurulation
 Formation of notochord & neural tube
 develop into nervous system
develops into CNS
Neural tube (brain & spinal cord)

Notochord
develops into
vertebral column

AP Biology
Organogenesis
Umbilical blood vessels
Mammalian embryo
Chorion
Bird embryo
Amnion

Yolk
sac
Allantois
Fetal blood vessels
Placenta
Maternal blood vessels
AP Biology
Placenta
 Materials exchange across membranes

AP Biology
Human fetal development

4 weeks 7 weeks

AP Biology
Human fetal development
10 weeks

AP Biology
Human fetal development

12 weeks
AP Biology 20 weeks
Human fetal development
 The fetus just spends much of the 2nd & 3rd
trimesters just growing
…and doing various flip-turns & kicks
inside amniotic fluid

Week 20

AP Biology
Human fetal development
 24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester)

fetus is covered
with fine, downy
hair called
lanugo. Its skin
is protected by
a waxy material
called vernix

AP Biology
Human fetal development
 30 weeks (7.5 months)

umbilical cord

AP Biology
Getting crowded in there!!
 32 weeks (8 months)

The fetus
sleeps 90-95%
of the day &
sometimes
experiences
REM sleep, an
indication of
dreaming

AP Biology
positive feedback

Birth

AP Biology
Birth (36 weeks)

Intestine
Placenta

Umbilical
cord

Wall of
uterus
Bladder
Cervix
AP Vagina
Biology
The end of the journey!

And you think


9 months of
AP Bio is hard!

AP Biology

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