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Basics of Networking

The document discusses the basics of networking, including definitions, components, and concepts. It defines a network as two or more computers connected using wires to share information and resources. The key requirements for connecting two PCs are: a computer with a network interface card, cable for the physical connection, an IP protocol for communication, and IP addresses for unique identification of devices. Common network topologies are bus, star, and ring and common protocols include Ethernet, TCP/IP, and CSMA/CD for media access.

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7K views30 pages

Basics of Networking

The document discusses the basics of networking, including definitions, components, and concepts. It defines a network as two or more computers connected using wires to share information and resources. The key requirements for connecting two PCs are: a computer with a network interface card, cable for the physical connection, an IP protocol for communication, and IP addresses for unique identification of devices. Common network topologies are bus, star, and ring and common protocols include Ethernet, TCP/IP, and CSMA/CD for media access.

Uploaded by

shridon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Networking

What is networking
 A Network is nothing but two or more
computers connected together using
wires
 The main function of a network is to
facilitate the exchange of information
between the computers and share the
available resources
What is the basic requirement for
connecting two PC’s?

192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3

TCP/IP

1. PC
2. Cable
3. NIC
4. Protocol
5. Address
1.Computer (PC)
Computer plays three role in a local area
network:
 Clients- which use but do not provide network

resources
 Peers- which both use and provide network
resources
 Servers- which provide network resources
2. Media
The physical connection used to transport
the electrical signals between the N/W
devices.
 Twisted pair cable

Shielded
Unshielded
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber optic cable
Twisted-pair cable

 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP) have a


copper braid of foil that offers good
resistance to electrical noise
 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) does not
contain this aluminum shielding
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
 Most commonly used in Category Three
(CAT3) or Category Five (CAT5)
 RJ45 connectors are fitted on each end
of the cable
Coaxial cable
 Coaxial cable carrier signals of higher
frequency ranges than twisted-pair
cable, in part because the two media
are constructed quite differently
Fiber optic cable
 This cable is usually
reserved for
connections
between "backbone"
devices in larger
networks
3. Network Interface Card

 The NIC provides a physical connection


between the networking cable and the
computer’s internal bus
4. Protocols
 To be able to communicate with each other,
N/W devices need a common language.
 Whenever any computer wants to
communicate with any other computer or
entity it will adopt a set of rules agreeable to
all the computers & entities in the network.
This set of rules is called Protocol.
5. Addressing

 32 bit address is used to uniquely


identify a TCP/IP host
 The 32 bit IP Address is broken down
into four 8-bit fields called octets
separated by a period. Each octet
represents a number between 0 and
255.
IPv4 Address classes
Class-A: N H H H

Class-B: N N H H

Class-C: N N N H

Class-D: For Multicast

Class-E: For Research

•N=Network number assigned by IR.


•H=Host number assigned by network administrator.
Private Address Space
 IANA has reserved the following three blocks of
the IP address space for private internets (RFC
1918):
 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix)
 24-bit block
 Complete class-A network number
 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix)
 172.0001/0000.0.0-172.0001/1111.255.255
 20-bit block
 Set of 16 contiguous class-B network numbers
 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix)
 16-bit block
 Set of 256 contiguous class-C network numbers
Types of networks
The networks are divided into two types:-
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
Network topology
The main topologies are as given below:
 Bus topology

 Star topology

 Ring topology
Linear Bus
 A linear bus topology consists of a main
run of cable with a terminator at each
end
Star

 A star topology is designed with each


node (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) connected directly to a
central network hub or concentrator
Ring
Network technology
 Ethernet
 IEEE 802.3 supports a LAN standard
 IEEE 802.3 defines two categories: baseband
and broadband
 IEEE divides the baseband category into five
different standards
 10Base5
 10Base2
 10Base-T
 1Base5

100Base-T
 IEEE defines only one specification for the
broadband category: 10Broad36
Access Method: CSMA/CD
Other Ethernet Networks
 Switched Ethernet
 Fast Ethernet
 Gigabit Ethernet
The basic components of a
network
 Network Interface Card
 HUB
 Switches
 Bridges
 Routers
 Gateways
Connecting devices
 N/W device
1. Repeater
2. Bridges
 Internetworking devices
1. Router
2. Gateway
Repeaters
Bridge
Routers
Gateways

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