Unit-VI Communication Systems

Teaching Methodology

Lecture Topic to be covered Teaching Media / References & Page

No. Methodology No.
1 Basic Communication System: Block Conventional T5: 1.2.1 ,Pg No. 2-5
Diagram
2 Modes of Transmission, Conventional R4: Pg No18 to19

3 Communication Media: Wired and Conventional R4: Pg No 193-195,733-735

Wireless
4 Electromagnetic Spectrum, Allotment of Conventional R5: Pg No 11 to13
frequency band for different applications
5 Block Diagram of AM Transmitter and Conventional T6: Pg No 43 TO 45, 119
Receiver to122
6 Block Diagram of FM Transmitter and Conventional R5: Pg No 146, T5: pg No
Receiver 158-162

7 Cellular concept, Simple block diagram Conventional R2: Pg No 61-64, T4: 199-200
of GSM system
 Unit-VI Communication Systems
CONTENTS
Basic Communication System:
•Block Diagram of Basic Communication System
• Modes of Transmission
•Communication Media: Wired and Wireless
•Electromagnetic Spectrum, Allotment of frequency band for different
applications
• Block Diagram of AM and FM Transmitter and receiver,
Mobile Communication System:
• Cellular concept
• Simple block diagram of GSM system.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Prerequisites
•Terminologies in Communication Systems

•Introduction to modulation

•Need of modulation

•Types of Modulation

•Brief introduction of AM and FM transmission

Unit-VI Communication Systems
Block diagram of Basic Communication System

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems

1.Information source :-

•The objective of any communication system is to convey

information from one point to the other. The information comes
from the information source, which originates it.
•It produces the required message that is to be transmitted such
as sound, picture, speech etc.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems

2.Transmitter

•The objective of the transmitter block is to collect the incoming

message signal so as to make it suitable for transmission and
subsequent reception.
•In transmitter the information modulates the carrier.
•The modulation can be amplitude, frequency or phase depending
upon the requirements.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems

3.Channel

•Channel is the physical medium which connects the transmitter with that of
the receiver.
•It can be wired or wireless.
•It includes copper wire, coaxial cable, fibre optic cable, radio waves,
microwaves etc.
•Noise enters in any communication system through channel.
•Noise is an unwanted signal, random in nature.
•It can not be removed but eliminated to some extent.
Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune
 Unit-VI Communication Systems

4.Receiver

•The receiver block receives the incoming modified message signal from the
channel and processes it to recreate the original (non-electrical) form of the
message signal.
•There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems.
•Its most important function is demodulation.
•The output of receiver may be fed to a loudspeaker, television picture tube,
computer etc.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems

5.Destination

•The destination is the final block in the communication system which

receives the message signal and processes it to determine the information
present in it.
•Usually, humans will be the destination block.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems

Modes of Transmission
Definition
•Transmission modes defines the direction of flow of information between two
connected devices.
•Thus it tells the direction of signal flow between two devices.
•There are 3 modes of transmission:
•Simplex, Half duplex and Duplex
Simplex: If the system is capable of sending information in one direction only, it is
called a simplex system ex. Public address system, broadcast and TV.
The advantage of simplex mode of transmission is, since the data can be
transmitted only in one direction, the entire band width can be used.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems

Half duplex: in this system information can go in either direction but in one
direction at a time.
First the sending end transmits to the receiver, and then they reverse roles
ex: A walkie talkie.
Duplex: Its a two-way communication, where both sender and receiver can
trasmit and receive at the same time.
It consists of two simplex channels, a forward channel and a backward
(reverse) channel, linking at the same points.
The bandwidth required here is twice as much bandwidth as a Half duplex
system ex: Telephone system and many computers.
However it is much convenient to use.
Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune
Unit-VI Communication Systems

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems
Communication Media:
Wired:
1) Twisted wire pair:
•The two wires are typically ``twisted'' together in a helix to reduce interference between
the two conductors
•Twisting decreases the crosstalk interference between adjacent pairs in a cable.
• Typically, a number of pairs are bundled together into a cable by wrapping them in a
tough protective sheath.
• Can carry both analog and digital signals. Actually, they carry only analog signals.
However, the ``analog'' signals can very closely correspond to the square waves
representing bits, so we often think of them as carrying digital data.
•Data rates of several Mbps common.
•Spans distances of several kilometers.
•Data rate determined by wire thickness and length. In addition, shielding to eliminate
interference from other wires impacts signal-to-noise ratio, and ultimately, the data rate.
•Good, low-cost communication. Indeed, many sites already have twisted pair installed
in offices -- existing phone lines.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems
Co-axial cable:
•Typically bandwidth of 300 MHz, total data rate of about 150 Mbps.
• Operates at distances up to 100 km.
• excellent noise immunity, low loses.
• Technology used in cable television.
Optical fiber:
•It has a cylindrical shape and consists of three concentric sections:
the core, the cladding, and the jacket.
•The core, innermost section having refractive index n1. The core is
surrounded by cladding of refractive index n2 that is less than n1.
•As a consequence, the light is propagated through multiple total
internal reflection.
•The core material is usually made of ultra pure fused silica or
glass and the cladding is either made of glass or plastic.
• The cladding is surrounded by a jacket made of plastic.
•The jacket is used to protect against moisture, abrasion, crushing
and other environmental hazards.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

 Unit-VI Communication Systems
Electromagnetic Spectrum: It is a signal made up of oscillating electric
and magnetic fields.
•The entire range of frequencies that the EM wave can produce oscillations
is termed as Electromagnetic Spectrum.
•For the classification purpose, the EM spectrum is divided into small
segments and each segment is given a nomenclature.
• Each range is identified by end frequencies or wavelengths that differ by a
factor of 10.

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune

Unit-VI Communication Systems
 Unit-VI Communication Systems
Terminologies in Communication Systems:
•Time: Time (t) is a fundamental quantity with reference to which all
communications happen. It is typically measured in seconds (sec).
•Frequency: Frequency is another fundamental quantity with reference to which
all signals in a communication system are more commonly distinguished.
Frequency is defined as the number of oscillations per second and is measured in
hertz.
•Wavelength: Wavelength is defined as the distance travelled by an EM wave
during the time of one cycle.
•Spectrum: The frequency domain representation of the given signal.
•Bandwidth: It is that portion of the EM spectrum occupied by a signal. More
specifically it is the range of frequencies over which the information is present in
the original signal and hence it may also be termed as signal bandwidth.
 Unit-VI Communication Systems
•Channel Bandwidth :The range of frequencies required for the
transmission of modulated signal.
•Modulation: Modulation is a process in which any of the characteristics of
carrier signal such as amplitude, frequency or phase is varied according to
the instantaneous value of modulating signal.
•Baseband Signal: Message signal in its original frequency range.
Need of modulation
1)To reduce the height of antenna
2)Avoids mixing of signal
3)Allows multiplexing of signal
4)Allows long distance communication
5)Improves quality of reception
,
 Unit-VI Communication Systems

Types of Modulation
Amplitude modulation: If amplitude of carrier signal is varied according to
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal ,the process is called as
amplitude modulation.
Frequency modulation: If frequency of carrier signal is varied according to
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal ,the process is called as
frequency modulation.
Phase modulation: If phase of carrier signal is varied according to
instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal ,the process is called as
phase modulation.
Unit-VI Communication Systems
Unit-VI Communication Systems
Comparison of AM and FM
 AM Transmitter

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Contd.
•The audio signal is processed, or filtered, so as to occupy the correct bandwidth (generally IO
kHz)
•The two types of AM transmitters that are used based on their transmitting powers are High
Level Low Level
•The basic difference between the two transmitters is the power amplification of the carrier and
modulating signals.
• In high-level transmission, the powers of the carrier and modulating signals are amplified
before applying them to the modulator stage
•In low-level modulation, the powers of the two input signals of the modulator stage are not
amplified. The required transmitting power is obtained from the last stage of the transmitter, the
class C power amplifier.
•The RF oscillator generates the carrier signal.
•Both the modulating and the carrier signal is sent to AM modulator.
•Power amplifier is used to increase the power levels of AM wave. This wave is finally passed
to the antenna to be transmitted.
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TRF (Tuned Radio frequency) RECEIVER

Speaker

Power amplifier

2nd RF Amplifier

Ganged Tuning
•TRF receiver includes an
•RF stage
• a detector stage
• and an audio stage .
•Two or three RF amplifiers are required to filter and amplify the received
signal to a level sufficient to drive the detector stage.
•RF section (Receiver front end)
•used to select the signal
•Band limit the received RF signal
•and amplifying the received RF signal.
•AM detector
•Demodulates the AM wave and converts it to the original information
signal.
•Audio section
•Used to amplify the recovered signal
 Advantages of TRF

•TRF receivers are simple to design and allow the broadcast frequency 535
KHz to 1640 KHz.
•High senstivity.
Disadvantages of TRF

•At the higher frequency, it produces difficulty in design.

•It has poor audio quality.
•Drawbacks
•Instability
•Variation in BW
•Poor Selectivity
 AM Receiver

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 Contd.
•The RF filter selects the desired station and rejects unwanted signals. This is called TUNING.
•The selected frequency is applied to the mixer.
•The output of an oscillator is also applied to the mixer.
•The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY CHANGER circuit.
•The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (I.F.) The I.F.. is a fixed frequency of about
455 kHz.
•The I.F. signal is fed into the I.F.. amplifier. The advantage of the I.F. amplifier is that its frequency
and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what the frequency of the incoming signal is. This makes the design
and operation of the amplifier much simpler.
•The amplified I.F. signal is fed to the demodulator. This circuit recovers the audio signal and discards
the R.F. carrier. It usually incorporates a diode in the circuit.
•Some of the audio is fed back to the I.F. amplifier as an AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL voltage.
•This ensures that when tuning from a weak station to a strong one, the loudness from the loudspeaker
stays the same.
•The audio signal voltage is increased in amplitude by a voltage amplifier.
•The power level is increased sufficiently to drive the loudspeaker by the power amplifier.

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 FM Transmitter

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Contd.
•The crystal oscillator generates the stable carrier signal.
•The modulating(AF) signal and the carrier signal are applied to the phase modulator operating in the low power
level to generate a narrowband FM wave.
•The narrowband FM wave is then passed through several stages of frequency multipliers to increase the
frequency deviation and also carrier signal frequency to the required level
•The several stages of frequency multiplication are used for achieving the required level of multiplication
factors needed for deviation and carrier signal frequency.
•The output of the frequency multipliers stage will be a wideband FM.
• The WBFM is then passed through one or more stages of power amplifiers to add required power levels.
•The WBFM with high power is then finally transmitted via the antenna towards the receiver.

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 FM receiver

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Contd.
•RF amplifier amplify the received signal and the it is applied to mixer.
•Mixer has two inputs one from RF amplifier and second from oscillator. Two input frequencies of mixer
generates an IF signal of 10.7 MHz
•This signal is amplified by IF amplifier. The output of the IF amplifier is applied to the limiter circuit.
•The function of limiter is to remove noise in received signal and it gives constant amplitude signal.
•Output of limiter is applied to discriminator which recovers the modulating signal. This recovered signal is
applied to de-emphasizer.
•De-emphasizing unit attenuates higher frequencies to bring them back to original amplitudes as they are
boosted before transmission.
•The output of the de-emphasizer is the required audio signal and this signal is applied to audio stages and
then given finally to speaker.

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 Mobile communication system: Cellular concept
Why use of cellular network
•The immense potential of conventional telephone cannot be exploited to its maximum due to the
limitation imposed by the connecting wires. But this restriction has been removed with the advent of the
cellular radio.
•If we use dedicated RF loop for every subscriber, we need larger bandwidth to serve even a limited
number of subscriber in a single city.
•To overcome this B/W problem, subscribers have to share the RF channels on need basis, instead of
dedicated RF loops. This can be achieved by using multiple access methods FDMA, TDMA, or CDMA.
Even then the number of RF channels required to serve the subscribers, works out to be impracticable.
•With limited frequency resource, cellular principle can serve thousands of subscribers at an affordable
cost. In a cellular network, total area is subdivided into smaller areas called “cells”. Each cell can cover a
limited number of mobile subscribers within its boundaries. Each cell can have a base station with a
number of RF channels.

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Contd.
Frequencies used in a given cell area will be
simultaneously reused at a different cell which is geographically
separated.
For example,
a typical seven-cell pattern can be considered.
•Total available frequency resources are divided
•into seven parts, each part consisting of a number of radio
channels and allocated to a cell site
•In a group of 7 cells, available frequency spectrum is consumed totally. The same seven sets of frequency can
be used after certain distance.
•The group of cells where the available frequency spectrum is totally consumed is called a cluster of cells.
•Two cells having the same number in the adjacent cluster, use the same set of RF channels and hence are
termed as “Co-channel cells”. The distance between the cells using the same frequency should be sufficient to
keep the co-channel (co-ch) interference to an acceptable level. Hence, the cellular systems are limited by Co-
channel interference.

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Contd.
Shape of Cells
•For analytical purposes a “Hexagon” cell is preferred to other shapes on due to the following reasons.
•A hexagon layout requires fewer cells to cover a given area. Hence, it envisages fewer base stations and
minimum capital investment.
•Other geometrical shapes cannot effectively do this. For example, if circular shaped cells are there, then
there will be overlapping of cells.
•Also for a given area, among square, triangle and hexagon, radius of a hexagon will be the maximum which
is needed for weaker mobiles.

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 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
•Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services
and data delivery using digital modulation .

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Contd.
•The GSM network architecture consists of three major subsystems:
i) Mobile Station (MS)
ii) Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
iii) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
•The wireless link interface between the MS and the Base Transceiver Station (BTS), which is a part of BSS.
Many BTSs are controlled by a Base Station Controller (BSC). BSC is connected to the Mobile Switching
Center (MSC), which is a part of NSS. Figure shows the key functional elements in the GSM network
architecture.
•1. Mobile Station (MS):
A mobile station communicates across the air interface with a base station transceiver in the same cell in
which the mobile subscriber unit is located. The MS communicates the information with the user and
modifies it to the transmission protocols if the air-interface to communicate with the BSS. The user’s
voice information is interfaced with the MS through a microphone and speaker for the speech, keypad,
and display for short messaging, and the cable connection for other data terminals. The MS has two
elements. The Mobile Equipment (ME) refers to the physical device, which comprises of transceiver,
digital signal processors, and the antenna. The second element of the MS is the GSM is the Subscriber
Identity Module (SIM). The SIM card is unique to the GSM system. It has a memory of 32 KB.
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Contd.
2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
A base station subsystem consists of a base station controller and one or more base transceiver station. Each Base
Transceiver Station defines a single cell. A cell can have a radius of between 100m to 35km, depending on the
environment. A Base Station Controller may be connected with a BTS. It may control multiple BTS units and
hence multiple cells. There are two main architectural elements in the BSS – the Base Transceiver Subsystem
(BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The interface that connects a BTS to a BSC is called the A-bis
interface. The interface between the BSC and the MSC is called the A interface, which is standardised within
GSM.
3. Network and switching subsystem (NSS)
The NSS is responsible for the network operation. It provides the link between the cellular network and the Public
switched telecommunicates Networks.

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 List of Text Books & Reference books
Text Books
1) “Electronics Devices” by Thomas. L. Floyd,9th Edition, Pearson (Unit I, II)
2) “Modern Digital Electronics” by R.P. Jain, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit III)
3) “Electronic Instrumentation” by H.S. Kalsi, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit IV)
4) “Sensors and Transducers” by D. Patrnabis, 2nd Edition, PHI (Unit V)
5) “Electronic Communication Systems” by Kennedy & Davis, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill (Unit VI)
6) “Mobile Wireless communication” by M. Schwartz, Cambridge University Press (Unit VI)
Reference Books
1) “Digital Fundamentals” by Thomas. L. Floyd, 11th Edition, Pearson
2) “Mobile Communication” by J. Schiller, 2nd Edition, Pearson
3) “Sensors Handbook”, by S. Soloman, 2nd Edition.
4) "Electronics Communication System" By William Schweber
5) "Electronics Communication System" By George Kennedy 5th Edition, McGraw Hill
THANKYOU

Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune