Quantum Physics

VIT University, Bhopal

Course Name: PH
 Lecture 1

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 Evolution of Quantum mechanics
1922: 1925: 1940:
•Heisenberg Pauli proves
•Neils Bohr
Uncertainty Spin-Statistic
won Nobel
principle Theorem
Prize in
physics •Wolfgang
Pauli spin
1932:
1918:
•Stern-
Gerlach
number
•Werner 1944:
space Heisenberg
1905: •Max Planck won quantization
Nobel prize in
won Nobel 1936: •Pauli won
Nobel Prize in
Prize in Schrödinger's physics
•Albert proposed the physics physics
idea photoelectric Equation
effect.

1924:
1921: •Louis De Broglie 1929: 1933: 1943:
1900: 1913: •Won the Nobel
electron waves. Louis De •Otto Stern
Broglie won measures the
•Otto Stern
Nobel prize in
•Max Planck Prize in Physics the Nobel magnetic
•Neils Bohr Physics
black-body photoelectric Prize. moment of the
atomic effect. proton
radiation structure •Schrodinger
Schrodinger
Equation

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Limitations of Classical theory, Basic
idea of quantization
• Newton's classical theory
• Maxwell’s Electromagnetism theory

Mainly deal with macroscopic phenomenon

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 Failure of Classical physics
• Relativistic domain (V ~ C ) 
• Microscopic domain (length scale in )
• Classical physics fail to explain
– Black body radiation
– Photo electric effect
– Atomic stability
– Atomic spectra

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All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.

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 https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/blackbody-
spectrum/blackbody-spectrum_en.html

Black Body
Issue is how radiation interacts with matter

Black body is a material which absorbs all energy falls upon it,
and hence appears black with respect to reflection.

Wien’s displacement law

Stefan’s law

mT  Cons tan t VIT Bhopal University (SAS: Physics division) E  T 4

7
 Activity:
1. Convert lambda to frequency
2. Plot it
Wien’s law

2hc 2 1
E ( , T )d   d
5 e
hc
1
 k BT UV catastrophie

Rayleigh Jeans Law

8 KT
E ( , T )d   d
 4

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 Light bulb experiment to explain black
ACTIVITY body spectra

1. A current flows through the filament.

2. The filament heats up.
3. The thermal emission of the filament
moves into the visible spectrum.
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 Wolfgang Pauli
(1900-1958)
Austrian born - Swiss
"At the moment physics
is again terribly confused.
...I wish I had been a movie
comedian or something
of the sort and had never
heard of physics."

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 Lecture 2

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 Planck’s law
Radiated energy interacts with the cavity walls in a quantized manner

nhc
E (n  0,1, 2,3,.......)

hc
One quanta of energy  h

3h

2h

h

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E0 12
Planks law of radiation

8 2 h
E ( , T )d  3 h
d
c
e kT
1
Activity:
Convert frequency to lambda
Prove Wien’s law and RJ law as a
limiting case of Planks Law

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Expt. To determine Planck's const

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 Niels Bohr(1885-1962)
Danish
"Those who are not
shocked when they
first come across
quantum theory cannot
possibly have
understood it."

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 Lecture 3

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Dual nature of electromagnetic
radiation- de Broglie waves ,

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 Matter Wave
• Wave Particle Duality:
– matter can behave both like particles as well as
waves.
Louis de Broglie

• If a particle of mass m moves with a velocity v

then it behaves like a matter wave having a
wavelength λ given by
h h
  ;
p mv
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 Why bullets different from electron
Bullets are far more massive than the electrons. One can observe them as long as one
likes but it would not make any difference to them.

There are interference wiggles in the case of bullets also. The are so crowded
that it is physically impossible to resolve them, one sees an average behaviour

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Expt. on de-broglie

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 de Broglie(1892-1987)
French
``Two seemingly
incompatible conceptions
can each represent an aspect
of the truth … They may
serve in turn to represent the
facts without ever entering
into direct conflict’’.
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 Lecture 4

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 Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Sets limit on what we can observe.

Asking about position and momentum, one can not

get a definite answer; only a probabilistic answer is possible.
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 Determine the uncertainty in the
motion of a man (50Kg) moving with
velocity 2 m/sec, and an electron.

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 Wave packet, group and phase velocity
• Wave packet is consist of a group of waves, having slightly different
wavelength, with phase and amplitude so chosen that they
constructively interfere at a small region of space and destructively
elsewhere

• Group velocity= velocity of the group of waves.

• Phase velocity =The speed with which the

constant phase moves

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 Group Velocity

Phase velocity

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 Wave function and its properties

Classically we can measure the actual position {x(t)} of the car by applying Newton’s law

But in Quantum mechanics we look for the wave function (known as “state function”)

• The wave function associated with the particle can represent its state and the
dynamics would be given by Schrodinger equation

• But what exactly is this "wave function", and what does it mean? After all, a particle,
by its nature, is localized at a point, whereas the wave function is spread out in space
(it's a function of x, for any given time t). How can such an object be said to describe
the state of a particle?

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 • Born's statistical interpretation of :  ( x, t )
 ( x, t )
2
gives the probability of finding the particle between x and +dx, at time t or,
more precisely

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Classical physics is deterministic
Quantum physics is probabilistic

``God does not play dice”

A. Einstein

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 property
• Wave function contain the information of all
the measurable quantity
• Wave function is normalised
• It is continuous
• We can calculate energy by using this function
• Expectation value can be calculated

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 Tricky Problem

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 Werner Heisenberg
(1901-1976),German
‘‘The atom of modern
physics can be symbolised
only through a partial
differential equation in
an abstract space of many
dimensions. All its qualities
are inferential; no material
properties can be directly
attributed to it.”
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 Lecture 5

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  1 
2 2
 2 2
x 2
v t

   0 sin(t )
    0 sin(2 t )

2
  (2 ) 2

t 2

 2
4 v 2 2
 2  
t  2

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
2
1 4 v 2 2
 2 
x 2
v  2

2 4 2
 2  2 
x 
2 4 2 p 2
 2  
x h 2

2
mv2 2
 2  2 
x

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 1 2
mv  E  V
2
 m 2 v 2  2m( E  V )

2 m2v 2
 2 
x 2

2 2 m( E  V )
 2  
x 2

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2
 v 
2 2

t 2

2  2

 2 v 2

t x 2

   0 e  it

 2 i
t
 iE
 
t

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 2  2m   
 2 i  v   0
x 2
 t 
2
2

  v  i
2m x 2
t

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 Erwin Schroedinger
(1887-1961) Austrian
‘‘..the task is, not so
much to see what no
one has yet seen; but
to think what nobody
has yet thought, about
that which everybody
sees. ’’
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 Lecture 6

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 d 2  ( x)
2
 2
 V ( x) ( x)  E  ( x)
2m dx

H   E


   a
Eigen value
Operator
Eigen function

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 Lecture 7

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Particle in a 1D box-Eigen values and
Eigen function

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 2
d 2
 2
 E E0
2m dx
d2
2mE
2
 K 
2
K 2
dx
 ( x)  AC os( Kx)  B Sin( Kx)

 (a)   (0)  0
At x0
 ( x)  B Sin( Kx)
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  ( x)  B Sin( Kx)

At X=a
 (a)  B Sin( Ka)  0

If B=0, then we are left with a non trivial solution; so Sin( Ka)  0
Ka  n
n
K
a
n x
 ( x)  B Sin( )
a

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 n x
 ( x)  B Sin( )
a
2
n x
a a
After normalization
0  ( x) dx  0 B Sin ( a )dx  1
2 2

2
B
a

2 n x
 ( x)  Sin( )
a a

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Energy quantization
2mE
K  2
2

 n 
2
2mE
   2
 a 
n
2 2 2
En  2
2ma
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 n 2 2 2
En 
2ma 2 n  1, 2,3,.....

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 2

0 a
0 a 2

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 Paul Dirac
(1902-1984) English

‘‘.. it is more
important to have
beauty in one’s
equations than to
have them fit
experiment.”
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 Lecture 8

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Quantum mechanical tunnelling

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More the barrier height less the transmission probability
More the barrier width less the transmission probability
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Scanning tunnelling microscope

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 `Nobody understands
quantum mechanics!’

Feynman 1966

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 Schrödinger equation
Classically the state of a particle is defined by (x,p) and the dynamics is given by Hamilton’s
equations


i
In quantum mechanics momentum (P) is replaced by operator x
Energy is replaced by operator

i
t
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 Time Independent equation:

d 2  ( x)
2
 2
 V ( x) ( x)  E  ( x)
2m dx
Time dependent equation:

  ( x, t )
2 2
 ( x, t )
  V ( x, t )  ( x, t )  i
2m x 2
t

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 Time dependent

 2  ( x, t )
2
 ( x, t )
  V ( x, t )  ( x, t )  i (1)
2m x 2
t

If the potential is time independent V ( x, t )  V ( x )

 ( x, t )   ( x) f (t ) (2)

Substituting Equation 2 in equation 1 and dividing both side by  ( x) f (t )

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  iEt

Solution of this equation f (t )  e

Total solution
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  ( x, t )   ( x )
2 2
Probability density is stationary

This kind of states known as stationary state.

only happens for time independent potential

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 Schrödinger equation: Time
independent

2
d  ( x)
2
 2
 V ( x )  ( x )  E  ( x )
2m dx
d  ( x ) 2m
2
 2
 2  E  V ( x )   ( x )  0
dx

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For constant potential V ( x)  V0

d 2  ( x)
2
 K 2
 ( x)  0
dx

2m
K 2  E  V ( x) 

 ( x)  Ae(iKx)

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