Patterns

of
Text
Development
 I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
-describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened

-used to tell a story or focus on a set of

related events
Components of Narrative Text
1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene
 Example
It was late spring the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.
 2. Way of Narration
-refers to how the writer presents the
story
-includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.
 Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.

Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, narrowly missing the
mailbox again, and drove off to return home.”
 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration

* Writers must choose how to address

terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.
 Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have physical
manifestation in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
 Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example: furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component of
the group
Examples:
cabinet, desk, chair
Concrete: “He touched the strings of
the guitar.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air was
palpable.”
General: “He enjoys the sand on the
beach.”
Specific: “Each green stone has
significance.”
 II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?
Characteristics of Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose

●uses sensory details and precise

words

● presents details in a logical order

 Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific

characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible

* The writer stays away from emotional

impressions or responses and instead,
describes the scene as it is.
 Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m.
(50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light
gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes
ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite
palmately lobed. The leaf sinuses are rounded,
unlike those of red maple (Acer rubrum) which
are sharply V-shaped. Also, the sides of terminal
leaf lobes are more or less parallel, while those of
red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the
tip.
 2. Subjective Description
-a sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
-also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.
 Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band.
 III. Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc
 Varieties of Definition

1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual

way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts
 2. Subjective Definition
-defines the objects in a more personal
way
-usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
-often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
The term could be emphasized by the
following:

1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin
Signal Words for Definition

-is defined as
-means
-pertains to
-refers to
IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification

-divides things into groups, classes, or

categories

-organizes ideas into divisions based

on criteria or standards
 Exemplification
-provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
-presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Classification
another classified one kind the last
as group

another final type the first the next

kind category part
 Signal Words for Exemplification
for example for instance namely that is

as an in other to illustrate to be
example words specific
consider the in particular specifically to clarify
following
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.
V. Comparison and Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another
a.separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
comparison
 Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same similarly
way
as in a similar like to compare
fashion

both in likewise
comparison
 Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed even nevertheless in the
to though meantime

but in contrast nonetheless unlike

On the in spite of On whereas
contrary the
other
hand
 Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around
other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie
will always stand his ground, never giving up until he
is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same
way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so
different in everything they do.
VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

 Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of owing to
(the fact) (the fact)
because for the Inasmuch seeing that
(of the fact) reason that as

being that in that one reason since

due to
(the fact that)
 Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in so that
consequence
as a for this so therefore
consequence reason

as a result hence so much (so) thus

(of this) that
because
(of this)
VII. Problem-Solution

- focuses on either a problem

or solution in a particular area
or situation
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the one solution
problem is
first, second the one way is
solution
nonetheless one reason
for the
 VIII. Persuasion

- convinces readers to agree to

an argument or claim about a
particular topic.
 Signal Words for Emphasizing a
Point
again in that to truly
case emphasize

for this indeed to repeat with this

reason in mind
in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshell
all in all due to in on the therefore
conclusion whole

as a result finally in short since thus

as I have in any in in to sum

said event summary essence up
Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true obviously true
that

assuredly needless of course undoubtedly

to say
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably
granted