CLASSES

&
OBJECTS
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 OBJECT
 An object is a collection of some properties, behavior with
some existence.
 Box object:
Properties:- length , breadth, width. ( data elements)
Behavior:- open, close. ( functions )
Existence:- length=15, breadth=10, width=5 ( data values )

length 15
Data Data
elements values
breadth 10

width 5
A Box object
open()
Functions
close() 2
 CLASS
 Class is a collection of some properties, behavior
 BOX class:
Properties:- length , breadth, width. ( data elements)
Behavior:- open, close. ( functions )

length Data
breadth elements

width
open()
Functions
close() 3

Box class
CLASS AND OBJECTS

 Class is a logical structure or prototype whereas Object

has physical existence.
 Object is an instance of a Class.
 Class is a collection of similar types of objects where
the data values may not be the same.
 Class does not poses dynamic properties.

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 PARTS IN A CLASS

class

Member Data Member Function

Class
Class is a keyword in C++ which is used to create user-defined
data-types.They are also known as Abstract data type(ADT) and this5
leads to the feature of Abstraction or Data Abstraction.
 Visibility Mode or Access Specifier
The access specifier of a class provides its outside view i.e. it defines
the way, the identifiers (variables and functions) are accessed from
outside.
They are of 3 types:
 public: The identifiers can be accessed directly outside the
class.
 private: The identifiers can only be accessed inside the class.

 protected: same as private but it can be inherited but private

identifiers can’t be.
The default access specifier in a class is private.
 ANY VARIABLE OR FUNCTION SPECIFIED WITH KEYWORD
static ARE CALLED AS CLASS VARIABLE OR CLASS FUNCTIONS.

NOTE !!! 6

Each class definition must be ended with a semicolon mark (;)

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A CLASS
class class_name NOTE!!!
{ Generally the member
private: data are kept in private
// member variables; area and the member
public: functions in public area of
the class
// member functions;
};

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 AN EXAMPLE(WAY 1)
Class Name
class A{
private: Member Data
int num;
public: Access Specifiers
void get()
Member Functions
cin>>num;
void display()
cout<<num;
};
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WAY 2
class A{
int num;
public:
void get()
cin>>num;
void display()
cout<<num;
};

If private is not mentioned, then by default it is private 9

CREATION OF OBJECT

 Object is an instance of a class.

Syntax:
<Class_Name> <Object_Name>;

Example:
A obj;

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ACCESSING MEMBER FUNCTIONS
 The member functions of a class can be accessed by
using dot(.) operator.

Syntax:
<Object_Name>.<Member_Function_Name>;
or
<Object_Name>.<Member_Variable_Name>;

Example:
obj.fun();
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DEFINING A MEMBER FUNCTIONS
 The member can defined in two ways:
 Within the class definition
 Outside the class definition

Outside the class definition:

Syntax:
<return-type><class_name>::<Member_Function_Name>

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DEFINE A MEMBER FUNCTION (NON-STATIC)
class Time{
private:
int hour;
int min;
int sec;
public:
void setTime(int h,int m,int s){
hour=h;
min=m; class name
sec=s;
}
member function name
void printTime(void);
};

void Time::printTime(int h, int m, int s){

cout <<hour << “:” << min << “:” << sec << endl;
} 13

Scope-Resolution operator
 STRUCTURE VS. CLASS IN C++
• A structure is simply a class whose members are
public by default.
Example: struct Time{
class Time{
int hour;
int hour;
Private by int min; Public by
int min;
default int sec; default
int sec;
public:
public:
void setTime(int,int,int);
void setTime(int,int,int);
void printTime(void)
void printTime(void);
};
};

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DECLARATION OF AN OBJECT
Similar to declaration of a structure variable in C++.

struct emp e1; emp e1; class Time t1; Time t1;
struct emp e2,e3,e4; emp e2,e3,e4; class Time t2,t3,t4; Time t2,t3,t4;

class Time{
private:
main(){
int hour,min,sec;
public: Time t;
void setTime(int h,int m,int s){ t.setTime(13,27,6);
hour=h; min=m; sec=s;
t.printTime();
}
}
void printTime(void);
}; t hour = 13
void Time::printTime(){ min = 27
cout <<hour << “:” << min << “:” << sec = 6 15
sec << endl;
} 13:27:6
 UNDERSTANDING PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
class X{ class X{
class X{
public: int a; int a;
int a; }; public:
}; void set(int b){
a=b;
}
main(){ main(){
void get(){
X x1; X x1;
cout<<a;
x1.a=5; x1.a=5; //Error
cout<<a; //Error cout<<a; //Error }
cout<<x1.a; // 5 cout<<x1.a; //Error };
} }
main(){
X x1;
x1.set(5);
x1.get(); // 5 16
}
MEMBER FUNCTION IN PRIVATE
class X{ main(){
int a;
X x1;
void disp(int b){
a=b; x1.disp(5); // Error
cout<<a; }
}
};

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PROPERTIES OF MEMBER FUNCTION()
 Several classes can have member function with same name.
 Member function can access all the data members inside the class irrespective
of their access specifiers.
 One member function can call another member function of same class
directly without using dot operator. Such a mechanism is called nested
member function.
 Member functions defined inside the class are inline by default, but the
outside defined member functions are to be made inline explicitly if needed
class X{
int a;
main(){
void disp(int b){
a=b; X x1;
cout<<a; x1.disp(5); // Error
} x1.call_disp(5);
public:
void call_disp(int c){ }
disp(c);
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}
};
MEMORY ALLOCATION FOR OBJECTS
Common for all objects
Member fun 1

Member fun 2
Memory created when
functions defined.

Member Var 1 Member Var 1 Member Var 1

Member Var 2 Member Var 2 Member Var 2

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Memory created when
objects created.
THINGS TO REMEMBER …
 When class is defined memory is allocated for member
functions but not for member variables.
 When we declare an object then member variables get
memory allocated.
 Member functions get memory only once.

 All the objects share common member functions.

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MEMBER FUNCTIONS WITHOUT TAKING
ARGUMENTS
class A void main()
{ {
int a , b; A obj;
public: obj . getData();
void getData() obj.sum();
{ }
cout<<“Enter the values of
a and b”;
cin>>a>>b;
}
void sum()
cout<<a+b;
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};
MEMBER FUNCTIONS TAKING ARGUMENTS
class A void main()
{ {
int x , y; A obj;
public: obj . getData(7,8);
void getData(int a , int b ) obj.sum();
{ }
x = a;
y = b;
}
void sum()
cout<<x+y;
};
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MEMBER FUNCTIONS TAKING OBJECTS AS
ARGUMENTS
class A void main()
{ {
int x , y; A ob1,ob2;
public: ob1 . getData(7,8);
void getObjects(A obj1 , A obj2 ) ob2 . getData(4,7);
{ A ob3;
x = obj1.x; ob3.getObjects(ob2,ob1);
y = obj2.y; ob3.getObjects(ob1,ob2);
cout<<x+y<<endl ; } }
void getData(int a , int b )
{
x = a;
y = b;
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cout<<x+y<<endl; }
};
STATIC MEMBER VARIABLE

 It retains its value throughout the program.

 It gets its memory allocated at the time of class definition.

 Only one copy of the static variable is created and is shared by

all the objects.
 These variables must be initialized by the programmer outside
the class only.
 It can be accessed by class name and :: operator.

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 class X{
main(){
int a;
public: X x1,x2,x3;
static int b; x1.incr(); // 6
void incr(){ x2.incr(); // 7
a=10;
x3.incr(); // 8
b++;
cout<<b; cout<<X::b; // 8
} }
};
int X::b=5; // default ininitalization
// value is zero Static variables are called
as class variables.

Initialization syntax
<data-type> <class name> :: <var-name> = <value>;
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STATIC MEMBER FUNCTION

 It gets its memory allocated at the time of class definition as like a non-
static member function.
 It can access other static members only (static member variable and other
static member function)
 Like static member variable it can be accessed by class name and ::
operator, hence are called as class function.

Syntax for calling static member functions

<class_name>::<static_member_functions >;
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class X{ main(){
int a;
function can’t access a
X x1,x2,x3;
Static member
static int b; non-static member directly
x1.incr(); // 1
public:
x2.incr(); // 2
static void incr(){
a=10;
x3.incr(); // 3
b++; X :: incr(); // 4
cout<<X::b;
cout<<b; }
}
};
int X::b;

ERROR: ‘b’ is
private member.

A non-static member function can access both static

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and non-static members. But, this cannot be directly
accomplished through a static member-function.
class X{ main(){
int a;
X x1;
static int b;
X :: incr(x1); //10 1
public:
}
static void incr(X ob){
ob.a=10;
b++;
cout<<ob.a<<“ ”<<b;
}
};
int X::b;

A static member function can access non-static

members through object of that class.
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class StaticTest void main()
{ {
public: StaticTest st1,st2,st3,st4;
int x;
static int count; st1.display(20);
void display(int a) st2.display(22);
{ st1.display1( ); //20 2
x=a; st2.display1( ); //22 2
count++;
} st3.display(24);
void display1() st4.display(26);
{ st3.display1( ); //24 4
cout<<x<<“ “<<count<<endl; st4.display1( ) ; //26 4
} }
};
int StaticTest::count; 29
MEMBER FUNCTION OVERLOADING(USING
CLASS)
class X{ main(){
int a,b; X x1,x2,x3;
public:
x1.set();
void set(){
a=b=0;
x1.disp(); // 0 0
} x2.set(5);
void set(int m){ x2.disp(); // 5 5
a=b=m; x3.set(10,20);
}
x3.disp(); // 10 20
void set(int m,int n){
}
a=m;
b=n;
}
void disp(){
cout<<a<<b;
}
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};
// Member function set() is overloaded
ARRAY OF OBJECTS

class X{ main(){
public:
X p[3];
int a,b;
int i;
};
p[0].a=10;
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
p[0].b=20;
cin>>p[i].a>>p[i].b;
}cout<<p[0].a<<p[0].b;
110 a for(i=0;i<3;i++){
P[0]
112 b p[1].a=15;
cout<<p[i].a<<p[i].b;
114 a }p[1].b=25;
P[1]
116 b } cout<<p[1].a<<p[1].b;
118 a
b P[2] p[2].a=50;
120
p[2].b=60;
cout<<p[2].a<<p[2].b;
} 32
CONST MEMBER FUNCTION

 Does not modify the state of the object

class Time
{
private :
function declaration
int hrs, mins, secs ;

public :

void printTime( ) const ;

}; function definition

void Time :: printTime( ) const

{
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cout <<hrs << “:” << mins << “:” << secs << endl;
}
 POINTER TO AN OBJECT

t2 is a pointer to a Time object

class Time{
private:
main()
int hour,min,sec;
{
public: Time t1;
void setTime(int h,int m,int s){ t1.set(13,27,6); //dot notation
hour=h; min=m; sec=s;
Time *t2;
} t2 = &t1;
void printTime(void); t2->set(8,10,45); //arrow notation
}; }
void Time::printTime(int h, int m, int s){
cout <<hour << “:” << min << “:” <<
sec << endl;
} 5000 t2
t1 6000
hour = 8
13
min = 10
27 5000 ??? 34
sec = 45
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ASSIGNMENTS
1. Implement a structure Rectangle with following operation
• printValue(): print value of sides rectangle
• setValue(l,w): set the value of sides of rectangle
• area(l,w)
• perimeter(l,w)
2. Create a class COMPLEX to implement the following operations
setNum();
printNum();
add();
subtract();
multiply();
3. Implement Q1 using class by initializing 3 objects in different methods
• Static
• By pointer object
• Dynamic
4. Repeat Q1 and Q3 for Time class with following operations
• printTime()
• setTime(h,m,s)
• inMinutes(): print the time in term of minutes
• inSecond(): print the time interm of seconds 35