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MTI

The document discusses Doppler radar and moving target indication (MTI) techniques. It describes: 1) How the Doppler effect causes a frequency shift in the returned echo signal from a moving target compared to the transmitted frequency. 2) Continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar which transmits continuously and receives the Doppler shifted echo simultaneously to isolate the Doppler frequency shift. 3) MTI radar which uses pulse transmission and employs techniques like delay line cancellation to remove echoes from stationary targets and detect moving targets. 4) Factors that affect Doppler frequency shift and limitations of single delay line cancellation like blind speeds where moving targets cannot be detected.

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Raji P
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60 views24 pages

MTI

The document discusses Doppler radar and moving target indication (MTI) techniques. It describes: 1) How the Doppler effect causes a frequency shift in the returned echo signal from a moving target compared to the transmitted frequency. 2) Continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar which transmits continuously and receives the Doppler shifted echo simultaneously to isolate the Doppler frequency shift. 3) MTI radar which uses pulse transmission and employs techniques like delay line cancellation to remove echoes from stationary targets and detect moving targets. 4) Factors that affect Doppler frequency shift and limitations of single delay line cancellation like blind speeds where moving targets cannot be detected.

Uploaded by

Raji P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTI and pulse doppler radar

The Doppler Effect


 The shift in frequency of the received echo signal from a moving target compared
to the transmitted frequency of a radar station is called Doppler frequency shift
and phenomenon is called Doppler effect.
f0
Radar
Target

f0±fd R
 Let R be the Range of the target

 The number of wavelengths contained in the two way path between the radar
and the target is
 Since one wavelength corresponds to a phase shift of 2∏ radians.

 Total phase shift φ =


The doppler effect
 If the target is moving R and φ changes continuously. Rate of
change of φ w.r.t time is angular frequency.

 Where vr is the relative velocity of the target wrt radar.


 fd is the Doppler frequency shift.

 Where
The doppler effect
Radar
Antenna Axis
θ

Target trajectory Velocity=v

2 f 0 v cos 
fd 
c
CW doppler radar
 Tx generates continuous sinusoidal oscillations of
frequency fo. It is radiated by the antenna.
 CW radar receives the echo signal while it transmits.
 If the target is in motion the received echo signal will
be shifted in frequency by an amount fd. ( )
 Mixer isolates the Doppler frequency note fd.
 Beat frequency amplifier eliminates the echoes from
stationary targets and amplifies the Doppler echo
signal.
 This radar is also called CW radar with zero IF or CW
Super-heterodyne radar with Zero IF or Simple doppler
radar or CW homodyne radar.
Determination of sign of
doppler frequency
Et  E0 cos wot        (1)
Then the echo signal from a moving target is
E r =k1E 0cos[(w 0  w d )t+ )----(2)
E 0 =amplitude of transmitter signal
k1 =a constant
w 0 =angular frequency of transmitter signal
w d =doppler angular frequency shift
 =a constant phase shift depends on range of initial direction
The output of mixer A is
E A =k 2 E 0 cos (  w d t+ )    (3)
The output of mixer B is given by
E B =k 2 E 0 cos[  wd t    ( / 2)]  (4)
If the target is approaching, then
E A (+)=k 2 E 0 cos(w d t+f) ----(5)
E B (+)=k 2 E0 cos[w d t+f+(π/2)]---(6)
MTI radar block diagram

Amplifier-2

Delay line
T=1/PRF
Amplifier-1 Subtractor

MTI video out


•It differs in the way in which the reference signal is generated.

•The coherent reference is supplied by an oscillator called the coho, which stands

for coherent oscillator. The coho is a stable oscillator whose frequency is the same as

the intermediate frequency used in the receiver.

•The output of the coho fc is also mixed with the local-oscillator frequency fl. The

local oscillator must also be a stable oscillator and is called stalo, for stable local

oscillator.

•The RF echo signal is heterodyned with the stalo signal to produce the IF signal just

as in the conventional super-heterodyned receiver.


MTI radar
•The characteristic feature of coherent MTI radar is that the transmitted signal
must be coherent (in phase) with the reference signal in the receiver. This is
accomplished by the coho signal.
• The function of the stalo is to provide the necessary frequency translation from the
IF to the transmitted (RF) frequency. Any stalo phase shift is canceled on
reception.
•The reference signal from the coho and the IF echo signal are both fed into a mixer
called the phase detector. Its output is proportional to the phase difference between
the two input signals.
Scope display during successive sweeps
Target position
Delay-Line cancellers
The transmitted reference frequency is given by
Vref =k1 sin(2 (f L +fc )t--------(1)
The doppler-shifted echo signal is given by
4 ( f L  fc ) R0
Vecho =k 2 sin[2 (f L +fc  fd )t-    (2)
c
The output of mixer-1 is
Vdiff =k 3 sin [2 (fc  fd )t-0 ] -----(3)
4 ( f L  fc ) R0
where 0         (4)
c
The output of the phase sensitive detector is
V1 = k 4 sin (2 fd t  0 )        (5)
The signal from previous transmission which is delayed by T = 1/PRF ,
V2 = k 4 sin [2 fd (t  T) -0 ] ---------------(6)
V = V1  V2 = k 4 [sin (2 fdt  0 )  sin {2 fd (t  T) -0}]---(7)
A-B A+B
Since sin A - sin B = 2sin ( ) cos ( ) we have
2 2
T
V = 2k 4 sin  fdT .cos[2 fd (t  )  0 ]      (8)
2

Fig: Frequency Response of single delay line canceller


BLIND SPEED

The response of single delay-line canceller will be zero when


f d T  n
n
or f d   nf p where n  0,1,2.....
T

Delay line canceller will reject any moving target whose doppler frequency is
same as the PRF or a multiple thereof. Those relative target velocities which
result in zero MTI response is called blind speeds.

nλ nfp
Vn   , n  1,2,....
2T 2
Vn  n th blind speed
CLUTTER ATTENUATION
 CA of single delay line canceller is given
by
2 2
fp fp λ2
CA  
4π σ c 16π 2 σ 2 v
2 2

Clutter attenuation for double delay - line canceller


4 4
fp fp λ4
CA  4
 4
48π σ c4
768π σ v 4
Digital MTI processing
Pulse doppler radar
Duplexer

Transmitter Receiver IF
Mixer amplifier

Locking STALO
Mixer

COHO Phase Doppler signal


Detector Recorder
Pulse doppler radar
 Radar which combines the range discrimination capability of a
pulse radar with the frequency discrimination capability of CW
radar is called “pulse doppler radar”.
 STALO allows the phase of the transmitted wave to be
maintained by a locking mixer, the RF output of which locks
COHO.
 The phase detector measures the difference in phase between
the two R.F. signals during a pulsed echo.
c
RUNAMB 
2( PRF )
Maximum doppler frequency shift
c
f dmax 
4(R UNAMB )
Maximum radial velocity of target
  c
Vrmax  PRF ( ) 
4 8 RUNAMB
Moving Target Detector

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