Jocelyn A. Coronado – Barradas Ph. D.

 The manufacturer of electric bulbs has established

that the average life of the bulbs that his firm
produces is 1450 hours with a Standard Deviation of
150 hours. The production of bulbs are closely
monitored so that the bulbs’ lifetime are maintained
close to the average. The manufacturer would not
want bulb lifetimes to fall too much below the
average as this affects the quality. Neither does he
want the lifetime to be much higher as this will
reduce sales.
Occasionally, he takes a random sample of bulbs to
see if the average lifetime of bulbs may have
significantly changed (that is, higher or lower
than the average). On one particular occasion, he
took a sample of 100 bulbs and found the average
to be 1390 hours. At 5% Level of Significance, has
the life of the bulbs manufactured by his
company changed?
1. Ho: The life of the bulbs produced by
the company
has not changed
Ha: The life of the bulbs produced by
the company has changed
2. Level of Significance:
=0.05
3. Type of Test to be Used:
z-test, two tailed test
4. Tabular Value: z = +1.96
5. Computed Value
Z = (X - µ) √n
Ó
Z = (1450-1390)(√100)
150
Z= (60)(10)
150
Z= 4
6. Decision: 4> 1.96
7. Reject Ho
8. Conclusion:
The life of the bulbs produced by the
company has changed
 A College within a University used
to give entrance examinations to
incoming freshmen. Students
whose scores were equal to or
better than a cut-off score were
accepted. The rest were turned
down. The average score of first
year students in the entrance
examinations when it was still
being administered was established
to be 80%. Due to a dwindling
population however, the entrance
examinations were suspended for
the past three years.
 Because of the suspension, one
would think that the “quality” of
first year students who are being
accepted has diminished.
However, the Dean has observed
that the college continues to
attract quite a number of students
with good grades from good high
schools, due in part to the
college’s continued commitment
to quality instruction and
facilities.
 The Dean is curious as to whether
the “quality” of freshmen
students has changed (either
improved or deteriorated)
compared to the years when
entrance examinations were being
administered. To test his
hypothesis, he takes a small
random sample of 15 freshmen
students and administers the
same entrance examination to
them.
 He finds that their average score
is 83 percent with a Standard
Deviation of 5 percentage
points. Using a 1% Level of
Significance, has the quality of
freshmen students changed,
based on the result of the test
scores of the examination that
was just administered?
1. Ho: The quality of freshmen students has not
changed
Ha: The quality of freshmen students has
changed
2. Level of Significance:
=0.01
3. Type of Test to be Used:
t-test, two tailed test
4. Tabular Value: df= 15-1 = 14
t = 2.624
5. Computed Value
t = (X - µ) √n - 1
s
t = (83-80) √15 – 1
5
t = (3)(3.74)
5
t = 2.24
6. Decision: 2.24< 2.624
7. Accept Ho
8. Conclusion:
The quality of freshmen
students has not changed
 A professor of Statistics teaches the subject
in a conventional way in one of his classes.
However, he has begun to teach Statistics
with the use of computers using Statistics
software in a second class. At the end of the
course, he gives the same examination to
both classes. He has observed that students
who are taught with computers tend to get
higher scores during examinations although
this is not true every time. The professor
decides to test the hypothesis, 1% Level of
Significance, that those students who are
taught Statistics with computers learn better,
that is, they score higher during
examinations.
 He takes a random sample of 15 corrected final
examination papers in the first class and 10
randomly picked and corrected final
examination papers in the second class. He gets
the average score and Standard Deviation for
each sample. The results are:
Conventional Method Use of Computers
S Mean X1 = 84 X2 = 92
S SD s1 = 8 s2 = 5
S Size n1 = 15 n2 = 10
1. Ho: There is no significant difference
between the scores of students taught
using computers and those taught using
the conventional way.
Ha: Students who are taught Statistics
using computers learn better
2. Level of Significance:
=0.01
3. Type of Test to be Used:
t-test, one tailed test
4. Tabular Value: df= 15+ 10 -2 = 23
t = 2.500
5. Computed Value
t= X1 – X2
√ (n1-1)(S1)2 + (n2-1)(S2)2 √1/n1 + 1/n2
n1+n2-2
t = ____84- 92__________________
√ (15-1)(64) + (10-1)(25) √1 + 1
15 +10 – 2 15 10
t= ________8________________________
√(14)(64) + (9)(25) √0.07 + 0.10
23
t= 8
(6.28)(0.41)
t= 2.79
6. Decision: 2.79> 2.5
7. Reject Ho
8. Conclusion:
Students who are taught
Statistics using computers
learn better
 All freshmen in a particular school were found
to have variability in grades expressed as a SD of
3. Two samples among these freshmen, made up
of 20 and 50 students each, were to have means
of 90 and 87 respectively. Based on their grades,
is the first group really brighter than the second
group at .01 significance level?
1. Ho: The first group is not really brighter than
the second group.
Ha: The first group is really brighter than the
second group.
2. Level of Significance:
=0.01
3. Type of Test to be Used:
z-test, one tailed test
4. Tabular Value: z = +2.33
5. Computed Value
Z= X1 – X2
Ó√1/n1 + 1/n2
Z = 90-87
3(1/20 + 1/50)
z= ____3_______
3√(.05 + .02)
z = 1/0.26
z = 3.78
6. Decision: 3.78> 2.33
7. Reject Ho
8. Conclusion:
The first group is really
brighter than the second
group.
Perfume manufacturers almost always would
like to determine the degree of acceptance to a
new product between younger women
(teenagers) and older women. Brand X is being
tested for acceptance. Of 300 randomly-selected
younger women that were asked, 105 said that
they will buy the product while among 250
randomly-selected older women, 65 said they
will use the product.
 At 5% level of significance, is there a significant
difference in the level of product acceptance
between the younger and older group of women?
(Note: as we are not particularly interested in
finding out whether the acceptance rate of one
group is higher (or lower) than the other group,
we shall be using a two-tailed test. Thus the
alternative hypothesis is stated as, Ha: P1  P2
1. Ho: There is no significant difference in the
level of product acceptance between the
older and younger group of women
Ha: There is a significant difference in the
level of product acceptance between the
older and younger group of women
2. Level of Significance:
=0.05
3. Type of Test to be Used:
z-test, two tailed test
4. Tabular Value: +1.96
5. Computed Value
Z = P1 – P2
P1Q1 + P2Q2
n1 n2
=0.35 – 0.26___________
(0.35)(0.65) + (0.26)(0.74)
300 250
= 0.09
0.04
=2.25
6. Decision: 2.25> 1.96
7. Reject Ho
8. Conclusion:
There is a significant
difference in the level of
product acceptance between
the older and younger group
of women
You are a superintendent of the public schools and
have conducted an experiment to investigate
whether the reading proficiency of high school
seniors living in your city is deficient. A random
sample of 100 high school seniors from this
population had a mean reading score of 72 (xobt =
72). National norms of reading proficiency for high
school seniors show a normal distribution of scores
with a mean of 75 (μ = 75) and a standard deviation
of 16 (Ó = 16). Is the sample significantly different
from the population?
A gasoline manufacturer believes a new additive
will result in more miles per gallon. A large
number of mileage measurements on the
gasoline without the additive have been made
by the company under rigorously controlled
conditions. The results show a mean of 24.7
miles per gallon and a standard deviation of 4.8.
Tests are conducted on a sample of 75 cars using
the gasoline plus additive. The sample mean
equals 26.5 miles per gallon.
a. Let’s assume there is adequate
basis for one-tailed test. What is
the directional alternative
hypothesis?
b. What is the null hypothesis?
c. What is the conclusion? Use ∞ =
0.051 tail .
Suppose you have a technique that you believe
will affect the age at which children begin
speaking . In your locale, the average age of first
word utterances is 13.0 months. The standard
deviation is unknown. You apply your technique
to a random sample of 15 children. The results
show that the sample mean age of first word
utterances is 11.0 months, with a standard
deviation of 3.34.
a. What is the non-directional
alternative hypothesis?
b. What is the null hypothesis?
c. Did the technique work? Use ∞ =
0.052 tail .
To motivate citizens to conserve gasoline, the
government is considering mounting a
nationwide conservation campaign. However,
before doing so on a national level, it decides to
conduct an experiment to evaluate the
effectiveness of the campaign. For the
experiment, the conservation campaign is
conducted in a small but representative
geographical area. Twelve families are randomly
selected from the area, and the amount of
gasoline they use is monitored for 1 month before
the advertising campaign and for 1 month after
the campaign. The following data are collected:
Family Before the Campaign (gal/mo.) After the Campaign (gal/mo.)
A 55 48
B 43 38
C 51 53
D 62 58
E 35 36
F 48 42
G 58 55
H 45 40
I 48 49
J 54 50
K 56 58
L 32 25
The End