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    1 Laws of Radiation

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    dimple gandhi
    This document summarizes key laws of radiation: 1) Kirchhoff's law states that for a given wavelength and temperature, the ratio of emission to absorptivity equals blackbody emission. This shows objects emit in wavelengths they absorb. 2) Wien's law states the dominant wavelength blackbodies emit is inversely proportional to temperature in Kelvin. 3) Stefan-Boltzmann law states the total radiation of a blackbody is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature in Kelvin.

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    1 Laws of Radiation

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    dimple gandhi
    778 views14 pages
    This document summarizes key laws of radiation: 1) Kirchhoff's law states that for a given wavelength and temperature, the ratio of emission to absorptivity equals blackbody emission. This shows objects emit in wavelengths they absorb. 2) Wien's law states the dominant wavelength blackbodies emit is inversely proportional to temperature in Kelvin. 3) Stefan-Boltzmann law states the total radiation of a blackbody is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature in Kelvin.

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    This document summarizes key laws of radiation: 1) Kirchhoff's law states that for a given wavelength and temperature, the ratio of emission to absorptivity equals blackbody emission. This shows objects emit in wavelengths they absorb. 2) Wien's law states the dominant wavelength blackbodies emit is inversely proportional to temperature in Kelvin. 3) Stefan-Boltzmann law states the total radiation of a blackbody is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature in Kelvin.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    778 views14 pages

    1 Laws of Radiation

    Uploaded by

    dimple gandhi
    This document summarizes key laws of radiation: 1) Kirchhoff's law states that for a given wavelength and temperature, the ratio of emission to absorptivity equals blackbody emission. This shows objects emit in wavelengths they absorb. 2) Wien's law states the dominant wavelength blackbodies emit is inversely proportional to temperature in Kelvin. 3) Stefan-Boltzmann law states the total radiation of a blackbody is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature in Kelvin.

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    of 14

    GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

    VALSAD
    TOPIC : LAWS Of RADIATION
    Prepared by: Guided by: Prof.D.N.Gandhi

    Chaudhari Manish

    Chauhan Jay

    Mallik Visawjeet

    Patel Bhavesh
    WHAT IS THERMAL RADIATION?

     Thermal radiation is an electromagnetic radiation emitted by a


    body as a result of its temperature or we can also say that radiation
    is the transfer of energy by rapid oscillations of electromagnetic
    fields.
     All bodies emits such radiation to their surroundings and absorb such
    radiation from them.
     Usually, most of the radiation is emitted in frequencies outside the
    visible range ( for e.g. Infrared at room temperature).
     All bodies (solids or liquids) emits a continuous spectrum of radiation.
     The most important general characteristic is its wavelength.
     Radiation travels through space at the speed of light i.e. (3 x 108
    ms-1) or 670,616,630 MPH
    LAWS OF RADIATION
    Kirchhoff’s Law

     For a given wavelength and temperature, the ratio of the Emission


    and the absorptivity equals the black body emission.
     This shows also, that objects emit radiation in the same parts of the
    spectrum in which they absorb radiation.
     A black body , by definition, absorbs radiation at all wavelengths
    completely. Real objects are never entirely “black” – they cannot
    absorb all wavelengths completely, but show a wavelength-
    dependent absorptivity ε(λ) (which is < 1).
     We rearrange Kirchhoff’s law and see:

    Eλ(λ,T) = ε(λ) Bλ(λ,T)

     At a given temperature, real objects emit less radiation than a


    black body (since ε < 1). Therefore we can regard ε(λ) also as
    emissivity. Quite often we will thus find Kirchhoff’s law in the form:
     Emissivity = Absorptivity
     Important: it applies wavelength-dependent.
     In the infrared all naturally occurring surfaces are – in very good
    approximation – “black” – even snow! (which is – usually – not black
    at all in the visible part of the spectrum).
     For the Earth as a whole (in the IR): ε = 0.95 (“gray body”)
    Wien’s law and the Stefan-Boltzmann law are useful tools for analyzing
    glowing objects like stars.

     A blackbody is a hypothetical object that is a


    perfect absorber of electromagnetic radiation at
    all wavelengths
     Stars closely approximate the behavior of
    blackbodies, as do other hot, dense objects.
     The intensities of radiation emitted at various
    wavelengths by a blackbody
    at a given temperature are
    shown by a blackbody curve.
    Wien’s Law
    Wien’s law states that the
    dominant wavelength at which
    a blackbody emits
    electromagnetic radiation is
    inversely proportional to the
    Kelvin temperature of the
    object.
    Stefan-Boltzmann Law

     The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that a


    blackbody radiates electromagnetic waves
    with a total energy flux E directly
    proportional to the fourth power of the
    Kelvin temperature T of the object:

    E = σT4
    Planck’s Law

     According to Planck’s Law (Max Planck, 1900) the energy emitted


    by a black body (un-polarized radiation) per time, area, solid angle
    and wave length λ equals:

     c0 = Speed of light (in vacuum) = 299 792 458 m s–1


     h = Planck constant = 6.626 069 57x10–34 Js
     kB = Boltzmann constant = 1.380 6488x10–23 J K-1
     According to our last slides this has to be – right:
     Spectral radiance with respect to wavelength [Wm–2 sr–1 m–1]
     Planck’s Law refers to un-polarized radiation per solid
    angle. In case of linear polarization we would just get
    half of it. If you should miss a factor π – this comes be
    integrating over the half space. Planck‘s law often
    comes in frequency formulation:
    also, C0=vλ
    THANK YOU…!!
    REFERENCES:

     1. www.google.com
     2.www.slideshare.com
     3.ATHE GTU reference book

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