QUARTER 3: PRODUCE

VEGETABLE CROPS

MODULE: DIRECT PLANTING

AND TRANSPLANTING
TWO WAYS OF PLANT PROPAGATION

SEXUAL PROPAGATION
ASEXUAL PROPAGATION
 DIRECT PLANTING

Direct sowing is a method of planting in which the

seeds are directly planted in the soil. This applies to
large-seeded vegetables, including legumes. Direct
planting is commonly practiced in large farms.
Where pest control and water management are not
problems, direct-seeded seedlings have better stand
due to continuous exposure to the natural
environment since the start of growth and
subsequently do not experience root damage and
transplanting shock, so, growth is not disturbed.
PLANT PARTS THAT CAN BE DIRECTLY
PLANTED IN THE SOIL SUCH AS:

1.Seeds

Seed is a small embryonic

plant enclosed in a covering
called the seed coat and
usually with some stored
food.
2. Cuttings

Cuttings are made from a

vegetative portion of the
plant such as stems, modified
stems (rhizomes, tubers,
corms, and bulbs), leaves, or
roots
 RHIZOMES

 A continuously growing
horizontal underground stem
which puts out lateral shoots
and adventitious roots at
intervals.
 TUBERS
a much thickened underground
part of a stem or rhizome, e.g. in
the potato, serving as a food
reserve and bearing buds from
which new plants arise.
a rounded swelling or
protuberant part.
 CORMS
 a rounded underground storage organ
present in plants such as crocuses,
gladioli, and cyclamens, consisting of
a swollen stem base covered with
scale leaves.
 BULBS
 Horticulturalists call these true bulbs
to differentiate them from the all the
other types. True bulbs consist of
layers of modified leaves and contain
a miniature flower or sprout in the
center. If you cut an onion in half
from top to bottom you can see that
the roots at the bottom of the bulb
anchor the plant to the ground and
absorb water and nutrients. Other
examples of true bulbs include garlic,
amaryllis, tulips, daffodils and lilies.
Points to consider in selecting
cuttings:

 The cuttings should be taken from

sturdy plants.
 They should come from productive
plants planted in productive land.
 They should be free from diseases
and insect pests.
 They should be stocky and uniform
in size.
Kinds of Cuttings:

 Root cuttings like bread fruit

 Stem cuttings like sweet
potato and cassava
 Leaf - bud cuttings like
swamp cabbage
3. Runners and Suckers
 Runners are long, thin, above the
ground stems with few or no leaves
and suckers are young plants that
enlarged beside the mother plant and
can be used for planting materials.
The runners or suckers are detached
from the parent plants and then
planted in the field before they get
dry. They are usually set in ridges and
rows. Examples of crops that produce
runners and suckers are strawberry,
arrowroots, ginger, taro or gabi,
gerbera, and many more.
RUNNERS
SUCKERS
4. Bulb

A bulb is composed of
shortened branches that
later develop with thickened
petioles as exemplified by
onion. The bulb portion of
the plant is used as a
planting material. Examples
are garlic and onion.
 5. Root and tuber

Some crops are best propagated

or planted by the sections of the
roots or tubers. The root or
tuber is cut into halves or
quarters. Each section of which
should have at least two or
three alive buds or “eyes.”
METHODS OF DIRECT PLANTING
 1. RIDGE PLANTING.

Seeds are placed on top of

the ridge. This is usually
practiced during wet season
to prevent the stem and
roots from rotting.
Hill - planting.

This is simply placing the seeds

in one spot at definite intervals in
the row. This is the best method
for cucurbits or vine crops.
 3. DRILL - PLANTING.
In this method, the
seeds are sown in
individual holes with
a drill at the
required spacing for
growth. Sow two to
three seeds in each
hole and thinned
down to one as
seedlings emerge.
FURROW PLANTING.

 After land
preparation
, the seeds
are planted
at specified
depth at the
bottom of
the furrow
and are
covered
with fine
soil.
 BROADCASTING.
 Using your hand,
broadcast the seeds
evenly in the field.
For small seeds, mix
your seeds with a
small amount of fine
sand or fine soil to
add some weight
and to help them
scatter more evenly.
Thinning is done
when necessary.
 6. RAISED BEDS.

 Make your bed at least one

meter wide to a desired length
and raise to at last 15 cm high.
Most vegetables benefit from a
raised bed during wet season,
but smaller vegetables such as
lettuce, pechay, onions, radish,
and spinach really thrive with
this type of planting.
SOLVE SOIL PROBLEMS.

 Garden soil can be amended with

organic matter if you have poor soil
and drainage. And because you don’t
step on the beds as you work, the soil
stays fluffy, providing the perfect
conditions for root growth.
REDUCE WORK

 By growing your vegetables in raised

beds, you can maximize your
fertilizing and watering so that more
nutrients and water are actually used
by plants rather than wasted in the
pathways.
ATTRACTIVE.

 For landscape vegetable gardens, you

can make raised beds in almost any
shape you like – rectangle, square,
circle and triangle. Your garden can
take on a whimsical design with a
little creativity.
RATE OF PLANTING

 As cited in the Competency Based

Learning Material (CBLM) of Tech-Voc
in: Produce Vegetable Crops (2007),
among the factors to be considered
with regard to the quantity or rate of
seeds to plant are:
THE VIABILITY OF THE SEEDS.
Seeds known to be low in viability
should be planted more thickly than
those having high viability. Seeds held
over from one year to the next
planting season should be tested for
germination. If the percentage of
germination is low or if the sprouts
are weak, the seeds should not be
planted.
THE CONDITION OF THE
SOIL.
When the soil and weather
conditions are unfavorable, more
seeds should be planted than
when the conditions are
favorable.
 THE SIZE AND VIGOR OF THE PLANTS.
Seeds that produce delicate and weak
plants such as carrots should be
planted quite thickly to ensure a good
stand. Any excess of plants may be
removed to prevent crowding.
THE POSSIBLE RAVAGES OF
INSECTS.
In planting seeds, it is a common
practice to plant freely in order to have
several times as many plants that are
needed to give allowance to ravages of
insects. Later on, you can practice
thinning if you found out that your
plants are crowding.
 The most important factor in direct seeding is
the planting depth. Depth of planting depends
on the soil moisture and soil type. Soil
particles should be fine when small seeds are
planted. For large-seeded crops, such as
squash, the need for thorough land
preparation is less.
 Seeds should be placed deeper in light
(sandy) soils to prevent them from drying up.
Shallow planting is required in heavy soils. As
a rule of thumb, the soil cover after setting
should be about five times the diameter of the
seed.
 Planting Distance of Directly Seeded
Vegetable Crops
 Proper spacing between hills and
rows is important to allow growth of
plants, ease of cultivation, and
efficient use of space. Generally, the
depth of planting depends on the size
of the seed. The recommended
distance of planting, depth of
planting, and rate of seeding of
selected vegetable crops are given in
the table below.
 Activity 2
 Look at the pictures of different models of gardening.
Draw ideas from the pictures for the next Activity. Think
of a concept that will give aesthetic beauty to your
vegetable garden.
TRANSPLANTING
TRANSPLANTING
 After the soil has been prepared, the
next activity is to transplant
seedlings. Seedlings are considered
ready to be transplanted when they
are sturdy enough to withstand field
conditions. While still in the seedbed
or container in a confined area, they
are carefully guarded against
environmental stresses.
 The age or size of the seedling at the
time of transplanting is very
important. Generally, the smaller the
seedling, the easier it is to transplant
and the quicker its recovery.
Characteristics of Good Quality
Seedlings

1. Uniform in growth

2. Healthy and sturdy
3. Free from diseases
4. Free from off-types
Why transplant vegetable
seedlings?

to allow sufficient space for

stocky development of the
plants
to select good, healthy and
sturdy seedlings
 to eliminate diseased and
weak seedlings
When to Transplant Seedlings?

 The best time to transplant seedlings

is just before or after a rain, provided
the soil can be worked and during
cloudy days. During sunny days,
transplanting should be done late in
the afternoon to lessen transplanting
shock and to hasten seedling
recovery.
Rules in Transplanting
 Keep the newly uprooted seedlings
from direct sunlight.
 Keep the roots moist and the tops dry
while transferring the seedlings.
 Keep as much soil on the roots as
possible.
 Settle the soil around the roots when
watering.
 Handle seedlings carefully to avoid
damage.
 Transplant late in the afternoon or on
a cloudy day and shade the seedlings.
Steps in Transplanting Vegetable
Seedlings
 1. Water the seedlings a day before
transplanting.
 2. Uproot the desired number of seedlings to
be planted. 3. Dig a hole big enough to
receive the root system without bending it
into the space.
 4. Plant one seedling per hill.
 5. Cover the roots properly and the shoot
apex should be higher than the ground level
of the bed or the soil should not cover the
first leaves after planting
 6. Press the soil after planting to have
better contacts of the roots with the
soil.
 7. Irrigate the transplanted seedlings.
 8. If necessary, provide the seedlings
a temporary shade for at least 3 – 4
days for faster recovery.
Planting Distance of
Transplanted Seedlings
 Proper spacing between rows and
hills is important to allow growth of
plants, ease of cultivation, and
efficient use of space. Generally, the
depth of planting depends on the
kinds of crop and size of the seedling.
Recommended distance of planting,
depth of planting, and rate of seeding
of selected vegetable crops is shown
in the table below.