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Types of Transformers

A transformer is a static electrical device that increases or decreases alternating current voltages through electromagnetic induction. It contains two coils of wire wrapped around an iron core. When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. This allows transformers to step up or step down voltages without changing frequency. Transformers are used widely in power systems to efficiently transmit electricity over long distances at high voltages and then reduce the voltages for safe distribution and usage.

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178 views27 pages

Types of Transformers

A transformer is a static electrical device that increases or decreases alternating current voltages through electromagnetic induction. It contains two coils of wire wrapped around an iron core. When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. This allows transformers to step up or step down voltages without changing frequency. Transformers are used widely in power systems to efficiently transmit electricity over long distances at high voltages and then reduce the voltages for safe distribution and usage.

Uploaded by

kyaw win
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to power transformers

• A transformer is a static machines.


• The word ‘transformer’ comes form the word ‘transform’.
• Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that
changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at
another voltage level through the action of magnetic field, without a change
in frequency.
• It can be either to step-up or step down.

Transmission System
TX1 TX1

Generation
Station
Distribution
33/13.5k 13.5/6.6kV
s TX1

V
TX1

2
6.6kV/415V
Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current A.C.
into low voltage high current A.C. and vice-versa without
changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each
other.

3
A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing an ac
voltage.

Pole-mounted
transformer

ac-dc
Power Substation
converter

4
A transformer is basically two coils of wire wrapped around each other, or wrapped
around an iron core.

When an ac voltage is applied to the primary coil, it induces an ac voltage in the


secondary coil.

A “step up” transformer increases the output voltage in the secondary coil; a “step
down” transformer reduces it. 5
Transformer Construction
• Two types of iron-core construction:
a) Core - type construction
b) Shell - type construction

• Core - type construction

6
Core type

• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square


core.
7
Transformer Construction
• Shell - type construction

8
Constructional detail : Shell type

• Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a


laminated core. 9
Sectional view of transformers

Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors
than the low voltage coils 10
Core type

Fig1: Coil and laminations of Fig2: Various types of cores11


core type transformer
Shell type
• The HV and LV windings
are split into no. of
sections
• Where HV winding lies
between two LV windings
• In sandwich coils leakage
can be controlled

Fig: Sandwich windings

12
Cut view of transformer

13
Transformer with conservator and breather

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Working of a transformer

1. When current in the primary coil


changes being alternating in nature,
a changing magnetic field is
produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.
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Ideal Transformers
• Zero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents
are confined within the core
• The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
• The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic
flux
• Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents

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Transformer Equation

• Faraday’s Law states that,


– If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced
in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly proportional to the rate
of change in the flux with respect of time.
d (t )
Vind  Emfind 
dt
Lenz’s Law
d(t )
Vind  Emfind  N
dt
If we have N turns of wire,
20
Transformer Equation

• For an ac sources,
– Let V(t) = Vm sint
i(t) = im sint
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function; (t )   m sin t
d m sin t
Then: Vind  Emfind   N
dt
  N m cos t

Therefore: V  Emf
ind ind (max)  N m  2fN m

N m 2fN m
Thus: Emfind ( rms)    4.44 fN m
21
2 2
Transformer Equation
• For an ideal transformer
E1  4.44 fN1 m
E2  4.44 fN2  m ………………… (i)
• In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the
output power, and this condition is said to ideal condition of a transformer.
Input power  output power
V1 I1 cos   V2 I 2 cos 
V1 I 2
 
V2 I1

• From the ideal transformer circuit, note that,


E1  V1 and E2  V2
• Hence, substitute in (i) 22
Transformer Equation
E1 N1 I 2
Therefore,   a
E 2 N 2 I1

Where, ‘a’ is the Voltage Transformation Ratio; which will


determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up or
step-down

For a >1 E1 > E2

For a <1 E1 < E2

23
Transformer Rating

• Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent Power.

• Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current and rated voltage.

VA  V1I1  V2 I 2
 Where,

 I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding.

 V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding.

 Rated currents are actually the full load currents in transformer

Example 1: 1.5kVA single phase transformer has rated voltage of 144/240 V.


Finds its full load current.
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