LIGHTING & VENTILATION

Ventilation is the process of "changing" or replacing air in

any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control
temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors,
smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide)

Methods for ventilating a building may be

divided into –
1. mechanical/forced
2. natural
Ventilation
Functions of ventilation
1. Supply of fresh air
2. Convective cooling
3. Physiological cooling
Ventilation in buildings has three main purposes:
• 1. To maintain a minimum air quality
• 2. To remove heat (or other pollutant)
• 3. To provide perceptible air movement to
enhance thermal comfort
IMPACT OF AIR MOVEMENTS ON HUMAN
BEING.
Air velocity (meter / minute) Probable impact
Up to 15 Unnoticed
15-30 Pleasant
30-60 Generally pleasant but causing constant
60-90 Slightly drafty to annoyingly drafty.
Above 90 Requires corrective measures if work and
health are to be kept at high efficiency
1 Supply of fresh air
• Governed by -Type of occupancy, number & activity of
occupants & by the natured of any processes carried out in
the space.
• For natural ventilation usually certain limited solutions are
prescribed & not the expected performance.
• Permanent ventilators or openings which cannot be closed
( grilles,air bricks into the wall)
• The size of the openable windows may be stipulated in
relation to the floor area or the volume of the room.
2 Convective cooling
• Exchange of indoor air with the fresh outdoor air can provide
cooling, if the outdoor air at lower temperature. The moving
air act as a heat carrying medium.
Stack effect
• Both the supply of air & convective cooling , involves the
movement of air at a relative slow rate. The motive force can be
thermal or dynamic( wind).
• The thermal forces, set up density difference between indoor &
outdoor air.
• It can occur through an open window, warmer & lighter indoor
air will flow out at he top and the cooler , denser outdoor air will
flow in at the bottom.
• Ventilating shafts- higher shaft , larger cross sectional area =
greater temp difference, greater motive force, then more air will
be moved.
The Stack Effect
In the winter, cold air is drawn
in near the ground to replace
rising warm air. In hot weather
the effect reverses, drawing in
warm air at the roof to replace
sinking cold air.
• The motive force =
Stack pressure x cross sectional area

Stack pressure ,Ps = 0.042 x h x ∆ T N/ m2

where, h=height of stack in m
∆ T= Temp difference

•Stack effect occurs in tall buildings, particularly at places

with vertical passages such as stairwells, elevators or shafts.
The stack pressure decreases with height.
Physiological cooling
• The movement of air past the skin surface accelerates
heat dissipation in two ways-
1. increasing convective heat loss
2. Accelerating evaporation
• How much air can be tolerated with adequate air
velocity.
• In low humidities <30 %- unrestricted evaporation
even with lighter air movement- cooling effect is not
great.
• In high humidities , > 85 %- cooling is restricted by
high vapour pressure preventing evaporation.
• So, it is most significant in medium humidity ,35- 66%
 Bioclimatic chart

• A bioclimatic chart is a graphical means of depicting

the human comfort region. It shows the association
between air speed, thermal energy, dry-bulb
temperature and relative humidity.
Air movement
• Thermal forces & wind
• How the flow of air through a building will be influenced?
Wind effect
Wind is generated by pressure differences. So, air flow through
the building is the result of a pressure difference between
two sides.
Air, which has mass & it moves, has momentum.
When moving air strikes an obstacle such as building, this will
slow down the air flow but the air flow will exert a pressure
on the obstructing surface.
This pressure is proportional to the air velocity,
wind pressure,
Pw = 0.612 x V2
• This process effects a roughly wedge –shaped mass of air on
the windward side of the building , which in turn diverts the
rest of the air flow upwards & side ways. A separation layer is
formed between the stagnant air & the building & the
laminar air flow on the other hand.
• The laminar air flow itself may be accelerated at the
obstacle, as the area available for the flow is narrowed by
the obstacle.
Air flow through the buildings

• Air flow patterns can be predicted on the basis of

empirical rules derived from measurements.
• Wind stimulators – open jet type & wind tunnel type
• Smoke generators – smoke traces can de
photographed Picture of flow patterns , position of
laminar flow can be taken.
 On the basis of experimental observations the
following factors can be isolated which affect the
indoor air flow-
1. Orientation
2. External features
3. Cross- ventilation
4. Position of openings
5. Size of openings
6. Controls of openings
Orientation of openings
• If the elevation is 90 degree to the wind
direction then there is maximum pressure and
maximum air velocity.
• Therefore, orient the building in such a way that
the largest openings are facing the wind
direction.
• when the openings are at 45 degree to the wind
direction, there is better average indoor velocity
and better distribution.
Cross- ventilation
• Without outlet openings, there may be no effective air
movement through a building, even in the case of
strong winds. It is essential that windows are located on
opposite walls to encourage cross ventilation.
• Because of obstructions within the building, air flow may
lose its kinetic energy, each time it is diverted around an
obstacle.
• Internal walls, furniture, etc. can effectively stop low
velocity air flow. Therefore, it is better to have partitions
clear of the floor and ceiling.
The air flow depends directly on the difference in
pressure at the openings.
• The main parameters influencing the air flow levels are the
inlet and outlet surface of the openings, the wind velocity and
direction, the temperature difference between the indoor and
outdoor environment, the relative position of the openings,
and the relative wind shadowing of the building.
Position of openings

• To be effective air movement must be directed

at the body surface. Air movement should be
through the living zone.
• When the inlet is at a high level, the air flow
happens only along the ceiling, regardless of the
outlet.
• Pressure build up happens in front of the solid
areas of the elevation. This will govern the
direction of the indoor air stream and this will
be independent of the outlet opening position.
Size of openings

• Largest air velocity happens if the inlet is small and the

outlet is large.
• The total force is acting on a small area and forcing air
through the opening at a high pressure.
• If the inlet opening is large, air velocity will be low but
the volume of air passing in unit time will be higher.
Therefore, large inlet openings are desirable when the
wind direction is not constant, or airflow through the
whole space is required.
• Best arrangement is full wall openings on both sides,
with adjustable sashes or closing devices which can assist
in channeling the air flow in the required direction.
Opening height affects passive ventilation
Pairing a large outlet with a small inlet increases
incoming wind speed.
 Controls of openings

• Sashes , canopies, Louvers & other elements controlling the openings , also
influence air flow pattern.
• Sashes can divert the air flow upwards
• Canopies can eliminate the effect of pressure build-up above the window
.A gap left between the building face & canopy would ensure a
downward pressure , thus a flow directed into the living zone.
• Louvers & shading devices – The position of blades in a slightly upward
position would channel the flow into the living zone.
• Fly screens & mosquito nets -reduce air flow ( Smooth nylon net is better
with reduction factor 35%.
great air flow when facing oncoming breezes.
Opening types
Mechanized and acoustically-damping ventilation
louvers
External features
• Wind shadows created by obstructions upwind , should be avoided
in positioning the building on the site &in positioning the openings.
• Wind velocity gradient is made steeper by an uneven surface , such
as scattered buildings ,walls , fences , trees & shrubs
• Even with a moderate velocity gradient , such as over smooth &
open ground , a low building can never obtain air velocities similar
to taller one. Building can be elevated on stilts
• External features of the building can strongly influence the pressure
built up.
Building structures can redirect prevailing winds to cross-
ventilation
Wing Walls
•Wing walls project outward next to a window, so that
even a slight breeze against the wall creates a high
pressure zone on one side and low on the other.

•Wing walls are especially effective on sites with low

outdoor air velocity and variable wind directions.
Different wing walls of better and worse effectiveness, on same
wall and adjacent walls. -
• Ventilation duct is widely used to provide good indoor air quality
(IAQ), health benefits, cost savings, and enhance ventilation system
performance. There is inadequate evidence to show that it can
improve airflow in ducts and reduce energy consumption.
• Although epidemiological studies indicate suggestive evidence that
improperly maintained ducts are associated with higher risks of
symptoms among building occupants,.
• The need for duct cleanliness has to be properly balanced by the
probable generation of indoor pollution and subsequent potential
health risks.
Ventilation ducts
AIR FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS
• As the wind dams up against the upwind side of the building,
it creates areas of high pressure and increased wind speed
along the upper edge and sides of the building before the
wind spills over the top and sides.
• Small vortex or eddy currents are created just aft of these
windward edges. There is a slight increase of pressure and
thus wind speed along the downwind portion of the roof and
sides.
• The wind then moves past the back of the obstacle and a
huge low pressure area is created that causes the wind to curl
in to fill the void.
Walk around any city where buildings rise more than a few
stories, and you will experience areas with stronger and gustier
winds than felt outside the urban area, at airports, or on sports
fields. The prime cause of such urban winds is the redirecting of
the over-ridding wind field by the structures themselves.
 • Air stream separates on the face of a tall block , part of it
moving up & over the roof to down, to form large vortex (
eddy) & so a high pressure is built up .
• Wind of the city- From the studies,
1. If a low building is located in the wind shadow of a tall
block, the increase in height of the obstructing block will
increase the air flow through the low building in direction
opposite to that of the wind. The return wind pass through
the building.
2. If in a rural setting, single storey buildings are arranged in
rows in a grid- iron pattern, stagnant air zones from the first
row will overlap the second row.
A spacing of six times the building height – for adequate air
movt for the second row.
In the similar setting ,If the buildings are staggered in a
checker board pattern, The flow field is much more uniform.