ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LABORATORY
Anatomy- the study of the structure or morphology of the
body and how the body parts are organized

Physiology- the study of the functions of the body parts,

what they do and how they do it.
I. THE LANGUAGE OF
ANATOMY
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

I. Demonstrating the
Anatomical Position

Stand and assume the

anatomical position.
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Anterior Body Landmarks Coxal: The hip

Abdominal: The anterior body Deltoid: The roundness of the
trunk region inferior to the ribs shoulder caused by the
Antecubital: The anterior surface underlying deltoid muscle
of the elbow Digital: The fingers or toes
Axillary: The armpit Femoral: The thigh
Brachial: The arm Fibular: The side of the leg
Buccal: The cheek Inguinal: The groin
Carpal: The wrist Mammary: The breast
Cervical: The neck region Manus: The hand
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Anterior Body Landmarks

Nasal: The nose Sternal: The region of the
Oral: The mouth breastbone
Orbital: The bony eye socket Tarsal: The ankle
(orbit) Thoracic: The chest
Patellar: The anterior knee Umbilical: The navel
(kneecap) region
Pelvic: The pelvis region
Pubic: The genital region
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Posterior Body Landmarks

Cephalic: The head Popliteal: The back of the knee
Femoral: The thigh Sacral: The area between the
Fibular: The side of the leg hips
Gluteal: The buttocks, or rump Scapular: The scapula or the
shoulder blade area
Lumbar: The area of the back
between the ribs and hips; the Sural: The calf or posterior
loin surface of the leg
Occipital: The posterior aspect of Vertebral: The area of the spinal
the head or base of the skull column
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

II. Locating Body

Landmarks
Body Orientation and Direction

Superior/Inferior-
above/below
Anterior/Posterior-
front/back
Medial/Lateral-toward
the midline/away from
the midline
Body Orientation and Direction
Cepalad/Caudad- towards the
head/towards the tail
Dorsal/Ventral-
backside/bellyside
Proximal/Distal- nearer the trunk
or attached end/farther from the
trunk or the point of attachement
Superficial/Deep- towards or at
the body surface/away from the
body surface or more internal
Planes and Sections

Planes-cut made along an imaginary surface or line

a. Median (midsagittal) plane-a longitudinal plane that
divides the body into two equal parts, down the midline of
the body
b. Frontal (coronal) plane- a lengthwise plane that divides
the body into anterior and posterior parts
c. Transverse plane- a horizontal plane, dividing the body
into superior and inferior parts, also called cross sections.
Planes and Sections
Planes and Sections

Sections- to observe the

internal parts
a. Longitudinal section-
vertical cut
b. Transverse section-
horizontal cut
Body Cavities

1. Dorsal body cavity

a. Cranial cavity- contains
the brain
b. Spinal or vertebral cavity-
contains the spinal cord
Body Cavities

2. Ventral body cavity

a. Thoracic cavity- contains
the heart and lungs
b. Abdominal cavity-
contains the digestive
organs
c. Pelvic cavity- contains the
urinary bladder, reproductive
organs and rectum
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
II. Organ Systems Overview
Integumentary System

Major component organs Functions

• Skin • protects deeper organs from
injury due to bumps,
• Nails
chemicals, bacteria, and
• Hair dehydration
• Cutaneous sense organs • excretes salts and urea
and glands • helps regulate body
temperature
• produces Vitamin D
Skeletal System

Major component organs Functions

• Bones • Supports and protects
internal organs
• cartilages
• provides levers for muscular
• tendons action
• ligaments • stores minerals (Ca and
• joints others)
• Cavities provide a site for
blood cell formation
Muscular System

Major component organs Functions

• Muscles attached to the • to allow motion, grasping,
skeletons manipulating the
environment, and facial
expression
• generates heat
Nervous System

Major component organs Functions

• brain • allows body to detect
changes in its internal and
• spinal cord
external environments
• nerves • helps maintain short-term
• special sense organs homeostasis of the body via
rapid transmission of
electrical signals
Endocrine System

Major component organs

• pituitary • promotes growth and
• thyroid development ; produces
• parathyroid hormones that travel in
the blood to exert their
• adrenal effects on various target
• pineal organs of the body
• ovaries, testes • plays a role in regulating
• pancreas long-term homeostasis
Cardiovascular System

Major component organs

• heart • transport system that
• blood vessels carries blood containing
• blood oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, wastes, ions,
hormones, and other
substances
Lymphatic or Immune System

Major component organs

• Lymphatic vessels • picks up fluid leaked from the
blood vessels and returns it to the
• lymph nodes blood
• spleen • cleanses blood of pathogens and
other debris
• thymus • houses cells that act in the
• tonsils immune response to protect the
body from foreign substances
Respiratory System

Major component organs

• Nose • keeps bld continously
• pharynx supplied with oxygen
• larynx while removing carbon
dioxide
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs
Digestive System

Major component organs

• Mouth • breaks down ingested
• esophagus food to tiny
• stomach particles,which can be
absorbed into the blood
• small and large intestines for the delivery to the
• teeth, salivary glands, body's cells
liver, gallbladder, • undigested residue
pancreas leaves the body as feces
Urinary System

Major component organs

• kidneys • filters the blood and then
• ureters rids the body of nitrogen-
• urinary bladder containing wastes
• urethra • maintains water,
electrolyte, and the acid-
base balance of blood
Reproductive System

Major component organs

• Male: testes, scrotum, • produces sperm for
penis, duct system, which producing offspring
carries sperm to the body
exterior • produces eggs for
• Female: ovaries, uterine producing offspring; the
tubes, uterus and vagina female uterus houses a
developing fetus until
birth