Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are used to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms. They are constructed using morphological, chemical, genetic and DNA evidence to show how species are related through shared ancestors. Branching patterns represent how traits have been gained or lost over generations as species diverge from common ancestors through the process of speciation.
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are used to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms. They are constructed using morphological, chemical, genetic and DNA evidence to show how species are related through shared ancestors. Branching patterns represent how traits have been gained or lost over generations as species diverge from common ancestors through the process of speciation.
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are used to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms. They are constructed using morphological, chemical, genetic and DNA evidence to show how species are related through shared ancestors. Branching patterns represent how traits have been gained or lost over generations as species diverge from common ancestors through the process of speciation.
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are used to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms. They are constructed using morphological, chemical, genetic and DNA evidence to show how species are related through shared ancestors. Branching patterns represent how traits have been gained or lost over generations as species diverge from common ancestors through the process of speciation.
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Topic 7 – Natural Selection
Changes in the genetic makeup of a
population over time is evolution. 7.9 – Phylogeny Life continues to evolve within a changing environment 7.9 – Phylogeny • Describe the types of evidence that can be used to infer an evolutionary relationship. • Explain how a phylogenetic tree and/or cladogram can be used to infer evolutionary relatedness AP BIOLOGY Phylogeny is the branch of biology that studies the evolutionary 4 history of a species. This is done using morphological, chemical and 7.9 genetic evidence. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Ganong-Cactaceae-Phylogenetic_Tree_1898.png AP BIOLOGY Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that represent evolutionary 5 relationships amongst organisms. The branches are proportional to 7.9 the amount of change or evolutionary time that has occurred. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg AP BIOLOGY Cladistics is a system of classifying organisms based on shared 6 characteristics derived from common ancestry. A clade is a group of 7.9 organisms that evolved from a common ancestor and are related. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Clade-grade_II.svg AP BIOLOGY Clades include all species 7 currently alive, together with 7.9 their ancestral species and any Diagrams species that evolved and became extinct. Key Terms Some clades can include many Phylogeny species, while others can have Phylogenetic just a few. Tree The Ginkgo biloba is the only Cladistics member of its clade while birds form a large clade with Clade thousands of members.
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/f4/b2/db/f4b2dba017458b6e6a90f7633dcde5f2.jpg AP BIOLOGY Cladograms are tree diagrams based on similarities and differences 8 between clade species. They show the most probable sequence of 7.9 divergence in clades. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/216/flashcards/4943216/jpg/26_11bconstructphylotree-l-14925FC89025187F6F6.jpg AP BIOLOGY The structure of cladograms is now determined by computer 9 programs. They calculate how species could have evolved with the 7.9 fewest number of changes in DNA or protein sequence Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
http://www.vanderbilt.edu/peabody/novick/cladograms.jpg AP BIOLOGY Humans can also be 10 studied using cladograms. 7.9 DNA analysis has shown Diagrams that our closest relatives Key Terms are the bonobo and chimpanzee. Phylogeny The red box to the left Phylogenetic shows the clade of Tree primates. Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
http://d3rzbccgedqypw.cloudfront.net/content/jbjsam/91/Supplement_4/26/F1.large.jpg AP BIOLOGY In cladograms, there are several types of groups that can be 11 depicted: 7.9 Diagrams • Paraphyletic groups are groups • Monophyletic groups are that include have a common groups of species with a Key Terms ancestor but not all descendents common ancestral species. Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram • Polyphyletic groups are groups that do not have a common ancestor. More research is needed to determine relatedness
http://d3rzbccgedqypw.cloudfront.net/content/jbjsam/91/Supplement_4/26/F1.large.jpg AP BIOLOGY Phylogenetic trees and 12 cladograms can represent traits 7.9 that have either been derived or Diagrams lost due to evolution.
Key Terms • Derived traits –
Phylogeny Traits gained during evolution Phylogenetic that ancestral species did not Tree have
Cladistics • Lost traits –
Clade Traits lost during evolution. Cladogram They are only seen in ancestral species. Lost/Derived Traits http://maggiesscienceconnection.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/0/5/5105330/279677550_orig.jpg AP BIOLOGY 13 For example, the number 7.9 of heart chambers has changed over time. Diagrams The cladogram here Key Terms shows: Phylogeny • 3-chambered hearts Phylogenetic emerged ~4-500 mya Tree • 4-chambered hearts Cladistics emerged 3-400 mya
Clade
Cladogram
Lost/Derived Traits http://maggiesscienceconnection.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/0/5/5105330/279677550_orig.jpg AP BIOLOGY Diagrams can also show the emergence of opposable thumbs in 14 various species of primates. 7.9 Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
Lost/Derived Traits https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/63/37/9a/63379aa03e55ba77bf82759f356a9a92.jpg AP BIOLOGY Since trees and cladograms show changes in species, they also 15 illustrate when speciation has occurred. In cladograms, speciation 7.9 branch points are called nodes and illustrate when species diverge. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
Lost/Derived Traits https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/216/flashcards/4943216/jpg/26_un02summary_c1-l-14925FD281B24AA1CDF.jpg AP BIOLOGY The pattern of branching in cladograms is assumed to match 16 evolutionary origins of each species. The closer two species are in a 7.9 diagram, the sooner they had a common ancestor. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
http://genealogyreligion.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Primate-clade-tree.jpg AP BIOLOGY Phylogenetic trees and 17 cladograms can be 7.9 constructed from Diagrams morphological similarities.
Key Terms The graph here shows
differences between a set Phylogeny of organisms. Phylogenetic Tree This information is usd to construct the cladogram Cladistics below.
Clade
Cladogram
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhylogeny/26_Labeled_Images/26_15ParsimonyExample_4-L.jpg AP BIOLOGY They can also be made from DNA and protein sequence similarity. 18 This is done by using computer programs that measure and 7.9 represent relatedness among organisms. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/Bio2108/Lecture/LecPhylogeny/26_Labeled_Images/26_15ParsimonyExample_4-L.jpg AP BIOLOGY Changes in DNA and protein 19 sequences are the result of 7.9 mutations. These occur at a Diagrams roughly constant rate and accumulate over time. Key Terms This means DNA can be used as Phylogeny a molecular clock. Phylogenetic By observing the differences Tree between DNA sequences, Cladistics scientists can estimate the point at which populations Clade diverged. Cladogram
http://faculty.uca.edu/johnc/cladogram_c.jpg AP BIOLOGY As shown here, the use of DNA as a 20 clock can help in the constructing a 7.9 cladogram of species. Diagrams This cladogram shows the timeline Key Terms of divergence of members in the Felidae (cat) family. Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
http://schoolbag.info/biology/living/living.files/image478.jpg AP BIOLOGY The use of molecular clocks 21 can also enhance the 7.9 information shown in a Diagrams cladogram by giving an approximate timeline. Key Terms Species separated by few Phylogeny nodes diverged later and so Phylogenetic are more related. Tree Species separated by many Cladistics nodes diverged further apart and so are less related. Clade
Cladogram
https://sites.google.com/a/canacad.ac.jp/sl-hl-1-biology-4-ferguson/_/rsrc/1403598223535/unit-11-ecology/5-4-cladistics/primate%20cladogram.jpg AP BIOLOGY Phylogenetic trees and diagrams are hypotheses and so are 22 constantly being revised. Changes are based on biological data, 7.9 mathematical/computational ideas and emerging knowledge. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
http://maggiesscienceconnection.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/0/5/5105330/279677550_orig.jpg AP BIOLOGY Problems distinguishing between the types of structures have 23 sometimes led to mistakes in classification. So, DNA and amino acid 7.9 sequences are now used over morphology. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
https://thegenomestale.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/f1-large.jpg AP BIOLOGY The recent development of sequencing technologies have allowed 24 taxonomists to correctly construct cladograms. When clades based 7.9 on morphology are incorrect, the species can be reclassified. Diagrams Key Terms
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladistics
Clade
Cladogram
http://biology-forums.com/gallery/18099_27_04_12_2_21_45.jpeg AP BIOLOGY For example, the figworts were25 originally the 8th largest family 7.9 of angiosperm and included 16 Diagrams genera.
Key Terms Using cladistics, taxonomists
studied the chloroplast DNA Phylogeny sequence of the family. Phylogenetic They discovered that five Tree clades had accidentally been Cladistics combined into one family.
Clade So, a major reclassification
was carried out. Cladogram
http://www.hopspress.com/Books/Images/Scrophulariaceae.jpg AP BIOLOGY As a result of reclassification: 26
7.9 • 2 families were merged
Diagrams • 50 genera moved to plantain Key Terms family
Phylogeny • 12 genera moved to
boomrape family Phylogenetic Tree • 13 genera moved to a newly created family Cladistics • 2 genera moved to another Clade new family Cladogram Figworts were originally the 8th largest angiosperm family, but now are the 36th largest. http://www.hopspress.com/Books/Images/Scrophulariaceae.jpg AP BIOLOGY • Khan Academy – Phylogenetic Trees 27
