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Friction Devices 19

The document discusses several types of friction devices used for braking including plate brakes, band brakes, disc brakes, drum brakes, and cone brakes. Key parameters for rating brakes and clutches are discussed such as torque required, time to speed change, cycling rate, inertia, environment, energy dissipation capability, size, actuation, life, and cost. Desirable properties of friction materials are also outlined. The document then provides equations for calculating values like friction torque, normal force, and wear ratio for different brake types.

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mahaveer das
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211 views36 pages

Friction Devices 19

The document discusses several types of friction devices used for braking including plate brakes, band brakes, disc brakes, drum brakes, and cone brakes. Key parameters for rating brakes and clutches are discussed such as torque required, time to speed change, cycling rate, inertia, environment, energy dissipation capability, size, actuation, life, and cost. Desirable properties of friction materials are also outlined. The document then provides equations for calculating values like friction torque, normal force, and wear ratio for different brake types.

Uploaded by

mahaveer das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Friction Devices

Brakes

Plate-type brake, output member


is stationary
Band Brake
Calliper disc brake
Short shoe brake
Cone brake
Long shoe brake
Parameters for rating of brakes and
clutches
1. Torque required to accelerate or decelerate the system
2. Time required to accomplish the speed change
3. The cycling rate: number of on/off cycles per unit time
4. The inertia of the rotating or translating parts
5. The environment of the system: temperature, cooling
effects, and so on
6. Energy-dissipation capability of the clutch or the brake
7. Physical size and configuration
8. Actuation means
9. Life and reliability of the system
10. Cost and availability
The desirable properties of friction
materials
• They should have a relatively high coefficient of friction
when operating against the mating materials in the system.
The highest coefficient of friction is not always the best
choice, because smooth engagement is often aided by a
more moderate frictional force or torque.
• The coefficient of friction should be relatively constant over
the range of operating pressures and temperatures so that
reliable, predictable performance can be expected.
• The materials should have good resistance to wear.
• The materials must be chemically compatible with mating
components.
• Environmental hazards must be minimized.
Clutch-brake sample performance data
C.O.F. for brake and clutch discs and
drums
C.O.F. classification
codes of the Society of Automotive
Engineers
Plate type clutch or brake
Equations for design of plate type
clutch
Friction torque
R R
T  fN 2
f
O i

Or,
Where f= cof T f
 fN R m
N=normal force
Rm=(Ro+Ri)/2= mean radius of the annular plate
Frictional power

P Tf f

Where ω= Angular velocity of the disc
• In the U.S. Customary System, with torque in Ib-in
and angular velocity expressed as n rpm, the
frictional power is in hp, computed from


T f
n
P f
63000
hp
Wear rating
WR 
P f

A
For industrial applications, we will use
• where WR = 0.04 hp/in2 for frequent applications, a conservative rating
• WR = 0.10 hp/in2 for average service
• WR = 0.40 hp/in2 for infrequently used brakes allowed to cool somewhat
between applications
• Problem: Compute the dimensions of an annular plate-
type brake to produce a braking torque of 300Ibin.
Springs will provide a normal force of 320 lb between
the friction surfaces. The coefficient of friction is 0.25.
The brake will be used in average industrial service,
stopping a load from 750 rpm.
Solution:
Step 1: Compute the required mean radius of the annular
plate

Step 2. Specify a desired ratio of Ro/Ri , and solve for the


dimensions. A reasonable value for the ratio is
approximately 1.50. The range can be from 1.2 to
about 2.5, at the designer's choice. Using 1.50, Ro =
1.50/R and
i
Therefore,
Step 3. Compute the area of the friction surface:

Step 4. Compute the frictional power absorbed:

Step 5. Compute the wear ratio:


Step 6. Judge the suitability of WR. If WR is too
high, return to Step 2 and increase the ratio. If
wear rate is too low decrease the ratio.
Cone clutch or brake
The angle of inclination of the conical surface of the cone
clutch or brake is typically 12°.
The desired friction force Ff is produced in the tangential
direction, where Ff = fN.
It is assumed that the friction force acts at the mean
radius of the cone so that the friction torque is
T f
Ff Rm
 fN Rm
In addition to the tangentially directed friction force, a
friction force develops along the surface of the cone. It is
also computed by
 fN
'
F f
• For the equilibrium condition of the external cone, the
sum of the horizontal forces must be zero. Then
F a  sin   F f cos 
'

F a
 sin   fN cos 

F a
 N sin   f cos  

N F a
sin   f cos  
Where Fa = axial force
N= Normal force
And, 
f RF
m a
T f
sin   f cos 
Short shoe drum brake
Actuating force a 
F f  f  b 
W
L
Frictional force WL
F 
f
a 
  b 
f 
Friction torque
Ff D d
T f
2
where Dd = diameter of the drum
Actuating load
force vs. distance b
Long Shoe Drum Brake
Equations for long shoe drum brake
Friction torque on drum: T r
f
2
fw p
max .
cos  cos 
1 2

M M
Actuation force: W N F
L

Friction power:

T f
n
where n = rotational speed in rpm
P f
63000
hp
Brake shoe area
A  L w  2wr sin 
2
 1
s
2
Wear ratio:

WR 
P f

A
Band brake
Differential band brake
Equations for Band brake
• The tension in the band decreases from the value P1,
at the pivot side of the band to P2 at the lever side.
The net torque on the drum is then

T  P  P r
f 1 2

where r — radius of the drum


• The relationship between P1 and P2 can be shown to
be the logarithmic function
P2  P 1
f
e
where θ = total angle of coverage of the band in radians
• The point of maximum pressure on the
friction material occurs at the end nearest the
highest tension, P1, where
P P
1 max .
rw
and w is the width of the band.
• For the simple band brake the actuating force,
W, as a function of the tensions in the band is
given by: a
W  P2
L

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