Reading and Writing Skills

Lesson 1: Text as Connected Discourse

Objectives: At the end of the period, students
are expected to:
•define text and discourse;
•acknowledge why text is a connected
discourse; and
•determine four (4) traditional text
discourse.
 HOW TO COOK CHICKEN TINOLA
Ingredients
• 2 lbs. chicken cut into serving pieces Instructions
• 1 cup malunggay leaves • Heat oil in a pot.
• 1 cup hot pepper leaves • Sauté garlic, onion, and ginger. Add the ground black pepper.
• 1/8 teaspoon ground black pepper • When the onion starts to get soft, add the chicken. Cook for 5
minutes or until it turns light brown.
• 1 piece unripe papaya wedged
• Pour the water. Let boil. Cover and then set the heat to low. Boil
• 6 cups water for 40 minutes.
• 1 piece Knorr chicken cube • Scoop and discard the scums and oil on the soup.
• 1 piece onion sliced • Add the Knorr chicken cube and chayote or papaya. Stir. Cover
• 4 cloves garlic crushed and chopped and cook for 5 minutes.
• 3 thumbs ginger julienne • Put the malunggay and hot pepper leaves in the pot and pour
the fish sauce in. Continue to cook for 2 minutes.
• 2 tablespoons fish sauce patis
• Transfer to a serving bowl. Serve.
• 3 tablespoons vegetable oil
• Share and enjoy!
Text
• is any written/printed material
intended for reading
• In general, are self-contained,
well-formed, hang together
(cohesive), make sense
(coherent), have a clear
communicative purpose,
recognizable text types,
appropriate to their context of
use.
Discourse
• came from the word “discursus”
• “argument” in medieval Latin;
“conversation” in late Latin
• is an orderly and extended expression of
connected thought/idea on a subject
• expressed either in writing/oral
communication which follows structure
Discourse
• can be formal/lengthy discussion of a topic
where concepts and insights are organized in a
logical manner
Ex. Critique
*writer’s opinion on another piece of writing or
work of art
*uses formal language; ideas are arranged in an
organized and logical manner
Discourse
• way how language is used to convey meanings, propel action, and
provoke a specific response
Ex.: Diary Entry
*daily record of someone’s personal experiences and thoughts

• TEXTS like Recipe, Critique, or Diary Entry are written with a

PURPOSE, thus, DISCOURSE has purposes:
- to inform
- to persuade
- to entertain
 List of Written Texts
Non – Fiction Greeting Cards
*Reports Diaries, Journals
*Editorials Memos (e.g. interoffice memos)
*Essays, Articles Messages (e.g. phone messages)
*Reference (dictionaries, encyclopedias) Announcements
Fiction Newspaper “journalese”
*Novels Academic Writing
*Short stories *short answer test response
*Jokes *reports
*Dramas *essays, papers
*theses, books
*Poetry
Forms, applications
Letters
Questionnaires
*Personal
Directions
*Busines
Labels
Signs
 List of Written Texts
Recipes
Bills (other financial statements)
Maps
Manuals
Menus
Schedules (e.g. transportation information)
Advertisements
*Commercial
Invitations
Directories (e.g. telephone, yellow pages)
Comic Strips, Cartoons
THINK, PAIR, AND SHARE
Discuss the following with
your pair:
1. Why is TEXT a
CONNECTED DISCOURSE?
2. How does a text become a
connected discourse?
MODES OF DISCOURSE
•Narration
•Description
•Exposition
•Argument
1. NARRATION
• Narration is story telling.
• It involves relating a series of events, usually in a
chronological order.
• The events narrated may be fictional (a made up
story) or non-fictional ( the events really occurred).
• If the events actually happened, we give the writing
another name such as biography, autobiography,
history, after action report, or newspaper report.
…cont.
• As with any dichotomy, there are some cases that fall
in between. For example, there is a genre called
"historical fiction" that may more or less accurately
portray an historical event while making up a story
about real or fictional characters involved in that
event. One well known example is "Gone With the
Wind," the story of Scarlet O'Hara and Rhett Butler
during the American Civil War.
2. DESCRIPTION
• Description tells what things are like according to the five
senses.
• A descriptive essay, or a descriptive passage in a story, tells
how things look, sound, feel, taste, and smell.
• Nouns and adjectives can show what a person, place, or
thing are like in their material aspects. But description often
tries to do more than to enable readers to visualize
characters, settings, and actions.
• It may also try to evoke a mood or atmosphere, and this is
aided by the use of simile and metaphor.
3. EXPOSITION
• Exposition is the kind of writing that is used to inform.
• The prefix "Ex-" comes from Greek through Latin and
means "out, or away from." The root of the word
comes from the Latin verb ponere which means "to
place." So translated literally, exposition means "to
place out," and, of course, the thing that is placed out
for us to see and understand is information.
…cont.
• This mode of writing has several subtypes, the
most common being process analysis, definition,
classification and division, comparison and
contrast, cause and effect, and problem and
solution.
• These are distinguished by purpose, as the names
indicate, but also by structure or organization.
 4. ARGUMENT
• The purpose of argument is to convince through logic.
• An argument is based on a belief or opinion that the writer holds
as true.
• The statement of this opinion is called a "thesis." It is usually
presented explicitly near the beginning of the argument.
• To convince readers that his opinion is true, the writer must build
a case to support the thesis. Building a case requires presenting
reasons for accepting the thesis, and then presenting evidence to
support the reasons. If the reader accepts the reasons and the
evidence, then he should agree with the thesis.
…cont.
• The argumentative mode of discourse has a variation known as
PERSUASION.
• Argument and Persuasion differ in two (2) primary ways:
1. Intent
• While the intent of argument is to present reasons and evidence to
elicit logical agreement, the purpose of persuasion goes beyond this
to get the reader to act on his belief.
• A successful argument may convince someone that candidate "X" is
the best choice, but successful persuasion will make that person vote
for candidate "X."
…cont.
2. Methods
• The second way the two differ is in the methods that a writer
uses to win the assent of his readers.
• The Greek philosopher Aristotle suggested in
his Rhetoric that there are three kinds of proofs that
speakers or writers may use to win over an audience – logos,
pathos, ethos, and mythos.
 3 TYPES OF PROOFS (Aristotle)
1. LOGOS
• It employs evidence and reasoning.
• In other words, the writer must give facts and figures,
expert testimony, illustrative examples, or other kinds
of evidence, and then demonstrate how these support
his thesis.
• Both argument and persuasion make use of logos.
 3 TYPES OF PROOFS (Aristotle)
2. PATHOS
• is "proof based on motives and emotions" (Osborn
and Osborn 379).
• Appeals to emotions are made primarily through
narratives.
 3 TYPES OF PROOFS (Aristotle)
3. ETHOS
• "assumes that people can be persuaded by the personal
influence of the source of a message" (382).
• In a speech, the speaker must project an impression that he
is honest, sincere, and trustworthy. He must establish
credibility and be likable. If he is successful, the audience will
be more inclined to accept and to act on his message. In
written appeals, ethos is also important.
• Osborn and Osborn describe a fourth kind of proof that can
be used in persuasion. They call it Mythos.
• Proof by mythos assumes that people value their
membership in a society and share in its cultural heritage.
• Mythos is the sum total of stories, values, faith, feelings, and
roles that make up the social character of a people. Proof by
mythos often calls upon patriotism, cultural pride, and the
heroes or enemies as evidence (383).
Assignment: (by group)
Bring the following materials next meeting (as a group).
• ½ size cardboard
• Cartolina (different colors)
• Construction Paper/Colored Paper
• Permanent Markers
• Coloring Materials
• Scissors
• Glue
• Scotch Tape