Nanotechnology

Contents:
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• HISTORY
• TIMELINE
• TOOLS & TECHNIQUES
• APPROACHES USED
• MATERIALS USED
• APPLICATIONS
• NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
• POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE
• DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
 NANO AND TECHNOLOGY

 A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric

system,equal to one billionth of metre (10^-9)
 Technology is the making ,usage,and knowledgeof
tools,machines and techniques,in order to solve a
problem or perform a specific function
 DEFINITIO
N
 Nanotechnology is the study
of manipulating matter on an
atomic scale
 Nanotecnology refers to the
constructing and engineering
of the functional systems at
very micro level or we can say
at atomic level
 A nanometre is one billion of
a meter ,roughly the width of
three or four atoms. The
average human hair is about
25000 nanometers wide
HISTORY

 The first ever concept was

presented in 1959 by the
famous professor of physics
Dr .Richard P.Feyman
 Invention of the scanning
tunnelling microscope in
1981 and the discovery of
fullerene (C60) in 1985 lead
to the emergence of
nanotechnology
 The term “Nano-technology”
had been coined by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974
Timeline
 Tools & Technology

 There are several important modern development.

 The atomic force microscope (AFM).
 The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) are scanning probes
that launch nanotechnology.
 Various techniques of nanolithography such as:
 Optical lithography
 X-ray lithography
 Dip pen nanolithography
 Electro beam lithography(inkjet printer) were also developed.
 Carbon Nanotube

 Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

 They have length –to-diameter ratio of upto 132000000:1.
 Nano tubes are members of the fullerene structural family .Their name is
derived from their long,hallow structure with the walls formed by one –atom-
thicksheets of carbon ,called graphene.
 Properties
 Highest strength to weight ratio
 Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls.
 Electrical resistance changes significantly when other molecules attach
themselves to the carbon atoms
 Applications
 Electric cables and wires
 Solar cells
 fabrics
 Nanorods (quantum dots)

 Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects.

 Dimentions range from 1-100 nm.
 They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting
materials.
 USES:
 In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be
changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field.
 In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
 In cancer therapeutics.
 Nanobots

 Close to the scale of 10^-9.

 Largely in R&d phase.
 Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across,capable of counting specific
molecules in a chemical sample.
 Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be
necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform
microscopic and macroscopic tasks.
 Capable of replication using environmental resources
 Application:
 Detection of toxic components in environment.
 In drug delivery.
 Biomedical instrumentation.
Nanoscale approaches and
fabrication

Top-down Bottom-up
approaches approaches
Create smaller objects using larger They arrange smaller components
objects in to more complex

Uses principles of molecular Layer-by-layer self assembly

recognition
Materials used

 Zinc oxide:
 Dirt repellent, hydrophobic , cosmetics & stain resistant.

 Silver ion:
 Healing property

 Aluminum silicate:
 Scratch resistance

 Gold ion:
 Chip fabrication, drug delivery.
Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)

 Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.

 Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location
in the body and release drug doses on a predetermined
schedule for optimal treatment.
 Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
 They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer tumour.
 Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
 Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
 Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
Nanotechnology in Fabrics

 The properties of familiar materials are being

changed by manufacturers who are adding
nano-sized components to conventional
materials to improve performance.
 For example, some clothing manufacturers are
making water and stain repellent clothing using
nanosized whiskers in the fabric that cause water
to bead up on the surface.
 In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
 Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial,
antibacterial fabrics.
Nanotechnology in Mobile

 Morph, a nanotechnologyconcept device developedby

Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of
Cambridge (UK).
 The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it
extremely dirt repellent.
 It will be able to charge itself from available light
sources using photovoltaicnanowire grass covering it's
surface.
 Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia
envisage that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow
our mobile devices to be bent, stretchedand folded
into any number of conceivable shapes.
Nanotechnology in Electronics

 Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel

displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current
flat panel displays.
 Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
 The transistors are made of nanowires, that are
assembled on glass or thin films of flexible
plastic.
 E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car
windshields.
Advantages of using carbon nanotubes:

 Faster and smaller- carbon nanotubes can be used to

produce smaller and faster components.
 This will also result in computers that consume less
energy.
 Highspeed and high capacity memory.
 Allows circuits to be more accurate on the atomic
level.
Other uses:

 Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline materials, such as tungsten

carbide, tantalum carbide and titanium carbide, are more wear and
erosion-resistant, and last longer than their conventional counterparts.
 Silver nanocrystals have been embedded in bandages to kill bacteria
and prevent infection.
 Nanoparticulate-based synthetic bone
 Formed by manipulating calcium and phosphate at the molecular level.
 Aerogels lightest known solid due to good insulating properties is used
in space suits and are proposed to use in space craft.
 Nanotechnology in India:

 IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology.

 Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on.
 Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science and
Technology Initiative (NSTI).
 Then in 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission 2007 was initiated
with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a period of five years.
 The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:
 basic research promotion,
 infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking research
 development of nano technologies and their applications
 human resource development
 international collaborations
 Possibilities for the future:

 Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and

programmable materials that ▫
 require less energy to produce than conventional material
 and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft, and
space vehicles.
 The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of nanorobotics.
 These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks
that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer
could potentially be able to be performed.
 • There would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure everything from
natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.
 • There would be almost nothing that couldn’t be repaired (eventually) with
the introduction of nano surgery.
Disadvantages of nanotechnology:

 Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and
digestive system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell
damage.
 Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross
the blood-brain barrier.
 The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is the
Nano-bomb that contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that
can continue to wipe out a community, country or even a civilization.
 Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can be big threat for
GRAY GOO.
“The next big thing is really small”
REFERENCES:

 http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology
 http://crnano.org/whatis.htm
 http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology/introduction-tonanotechnology.html
 www.iitb.ac.in/~crnts/
 www.nafenindia.com/Final_Report_Nano_OK.pd
 www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100531082857.html
 http://www.nanostart.de/index.php/en/nanotechnology/nan otechnology-
information/610-schneller-sparsamer-robusternanotechnologie-in-computer-handy-a-co
Thank
you
Any queries