Exploring the

Z - Score
Z – Score
• The number found below the
normal curve
• It indicates the area under the
normal curve

2
Z – Score
• The areas under the normal curve
are given in terms z – values or
scores. Either the z – scores locates
X within the sample or within a
population

3
The formula for calculating z is:

𝑿−𝝁
𝒛= (z – score for population
𝝈
data)
𝑿−ഥ𝒙
𝒛= (z – score for sample data)
𝒔

4
Example 1
Given the mean 𝝁 = 𝟓𝟎 and the
standard deviation,𝝈 = 𝟒 of
population of reading scores. Find
the z – value that corresponds to
score 𝑿 = 𝟓𝟖.

Answer: 2

5
Example 2
Locate the z – value that corresponds
to a PE score of 39 given that 𝝁 =
𝟒𝟓 and 𝝈 = 𝟔.

Answer: -1

6
Given 𝑿ഥ = 𝟔𝟐 and 𝒔 = 𝟖. Find the z –
score value that corresponds to
each of the following scores up to
two decimal places:
1. 𝑿 = 𝟕𝟎
2. 𝑿 = 𝟕𝟖
3. 𝑿 = 𝟖𝟐
4. 𝑿 = 𝟓𝟎
5. 𝑿 = 𝟒𝟐
7
 Identifying
Regions of Areas
Under the
Normal Curve
• Draw a sketch of normal curve
• Draw a vertical line through the
specified z – values and shade the
region.
1. 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟏
2. 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = −𝟏
3. 𝒛 = 𝟏 and 𝒛 = 𝟐
4. 𝒛 = −𝟏 and 𝒛 = −𝟐
5. 𝒛 = 𝟐 and 𝒛 = 𝟑
9
To find the area under the curve is
the intersection of the first column
and the first row if the table

10
Take Note:

When z is negative, we simply ignore the

negative sign and proceed as before. The
negative sign inform us that the region we
are interested in is found on the left side
of the mean. Areas are positive values.

11
Find the area that corresponds to the
following:

1. 𝒛=𝟏 Answer: 0.0398

2. 𝒛 = −𝟏 Answer: 0.0398
3. 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟑 Answer: 0.1179
4. 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 Answer: 0.4750
5. 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 Answer: 0.3749
12
Use the z – table to find the area that
corresponds to each of the
following:
1. 𝑧 = 0.56
2. 𝑧 = 1.32
3. 𝑧 = −1.05
4. 𝑧 = −2.18
5. 𝑧 = −2.58

13
 Determining
Probabilities
Using the Normal
Distribution Table
Notations:
𝑃 𝑎<𝑧<𝑏 denotes the probability that
the z – score is between a
and b.
𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑎) denotes the probability that
the z – scores is greater
than a
𝑃 𝑧<𝑎 denotes the probability that
the z – score is less than a
15
For example:
To denote the area between 𝑧 = 1 and
𝑧 = 2 we use the notation:
𝑃 1 < 𝑧 < 2 = 0.1359
which read as “The probability that the z –
score falls between 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = 2 is
0.1359

16
Case 1: The required area, as
depicted by the shaded regions under
the curve
‘greater than z’
‘at least z’
‘more than z’
‘to the right of z’
‘above z’
17
Examples:

1. Find the proportion area above 𝑧 = −1.

Answer: 𝑃 𝑧 ≻ −1 = 0.8413
2. Find the area greater than 𝑧 = 1.
Answer: 𝑃 𝑧 > 1 = 0.1587

18
 Case 2: The required area is:

‘less than z’
‘at most z’
‘no more than z’
‘not greater than z’
‘to the left of z’

19
Examples:

1. Find the area to the left 𝑧 = −1.5.

Answer: 𝑃 𝑧 < −1.5 = 0.0668
2. Find the area bel𝑜𝑤 𝑧 = 1.5.
Answer: 𝑃 𝑧 < 1.5 = 0.9332

20
Case 3: Models when the required
area is between 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 .

21
Examples:
1. Find the area to the between 𝑧 = −2
and 𝑧 = −1.5
Answer: 𝑃 −2 < 𝑧 < −1.5 = 0.0440
2. Find the area the between 𝑧 = 0.98 and
𝑧 = 2.58
Answer: 𝑃 0.98 < 𝑧 < 2.58 = 0.1586

22
Case 4: Models when the required
area is between −𝒛 and 𝒛.

23
Examples:
1. Find the area to the between 𝑧 = −1.32
and 𝑧 = 2.37
Answer: 𝑃 −1.32 < 𝑧 < 2.37 = 0.0845

24
Determine the areas each of the
following z – scores. Use probability
notation for your answer.
1. above 𝑧 = 1.46
2. below 𝑧 = −0.58
3. between 𝑧 = −0.78 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1.95
4. between 𝑧 = 0.76 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.88
5. between 𝑧 = −0.92 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1.75

25
 Locating
Percentiles
Under the
Normal Curve
Percentile
- a measure of relative standing
- a descriptive measure of the
relationship of a measurement to the
rest of data

27
For example:
In a test of Algebra, you got a score of 82
and you want to know how you fared in
comparison with your classmates. If your
teacher tells you that you scored at the
90th percentile, it means that 90% of the
grades were lower than yours and 10%
were higher.

28
3 things to remember when we are given
probabilities and we want to know their
corresponding z – scores.
1. A probability value corresponds to an area
under the normal curve.
2. In the Table of Areas Under the Normal
Curve, the numbers in the extreme left and
across the top z – scores, which are the
distances along the horizontal scale.
3. The z – scores to the left of the mean are
negative values. 29
Thus when we are given the area and we wish
to find the corresponding z – value, we locate
the given area at the body of the table.

30
Examples:
1. Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve.
Answer: 𝑧 = 1.645
2. Find the upper 10% of the normal curve.
Answer: Above 𝑧 = 1.28 or 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.28)

31
Find each of the following
percentile points under the
normal curve.
1. 𝑃99
2. 𝑃90
3. 𝑃68
4. 𝑃40
5. 𝑃32
32
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The z-
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38
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visible spectrum. of or complete
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41
In two or three columns

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of Is the colour of Is the color of
gold, butter and the clear sky and blood, and
ripe lemons. In the deep sea. It is because of this it
the spectrum of located between has historically
visible light, violet and green been associated
yellow is found on the optical with sacrifice,
between green spectrum. danger and
and orange. courage.

42
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Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It and because of this it
In the spectrum of is located between violet has historically been
visible light, yellow is and green on the optical associated with
found between green spectrum. sacrifice, danger and
and orange. courage.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It and because of this it
In the spectrum of is located between violet has historically been
visible light, yellow is and green on the optical associated with
found between green spectrum. sacrifice, danger and
and orange. courage.

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