Introduction to Waste

We humans often depends upon many things from our environment to satisfy our various needs and in this
process of development we generate and produce a lot of things which are actually no use to us and we simply
discard them.

We often by packet foods, bottle drinks, tin foods etc., but what exactly we do after using i? we throw away the
wrappers and bottle.

Now what about the leftover foods and vegetables leftover in the kitchen? That also goes in to the dustbin.

We discard lots of things like:

 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE
MEANING OF WASTE
WASTE ARE UNWANTED OR UNUSABLE MATERIALS. WASTE IS ANY SUBSTANCE WHICH IS DISCARDED AFTER
PRIMARY USE, OR IS WORTHLESS, DEFECTIVE AND OF NO USE.
HUMAN SOCIETY PRODUCES SOME UNWANTED AND DISCARDED MATERIALS WHICH ARE CALLED WASTES.
WASTES ARE PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES SUCH AS HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL
ACTIVITIES INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES, HOSPITALS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, MINING OPERATIONS, AND SO
ON.
THESE SOURCES GENERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTES, MANY OF WHICH ARE HAZARDOUS IN NATURE. THEY
CAUSE SPREAD OF MANY DISEASES.
 We normally get rid of our household (Domestic Waste) by keeping outside of our homes, but does it really get
end over there? NO
It goes under several series of processes right from its:
 Collection  Segregation (Separation)

 Transportation Treatment  Disposed off

The wastes maybe categorized as follows:

1) Solid wastes:
The solid wastes are the useless and unwanted substances discarded by human society. These include
urban wastes, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, biomedical wastes and radioactive wastes. The term
refuse is also used for solid waste.

2) Liquid wastes: Wastes generated from washing, flushing or manufacturing processes of industries are called
liquid wastes. Such a waste is called sewage. The most common practice is to discharge it on the ground, nallahs,
rivers and other water bodies, often without any treatment.
3) Gaseous wastes:
These wastes are released in the form of gases from automobiles, factories, burning of fossil fuels etc.
and get mixed in the atmosphere. These gases include carbon monoxide, CO2, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ozone, methane, etc.
 Sources of Wastes:
Wastes produced from different sources, are classified as follows:

1. Domestic wastes

2. Industrial wastes

3. Biomedical wastes

4. Agricultural wastes

5. Animal wastes

6. Nuclear wastes

7. Mineral wastes
1) Municipal Solid Waste/ Domestic Waste:
The wastes, collected from the residential houses, markets, streets and other places mostly in the urban areas and
disposed of by municipal bodies are called municipal solid wastes (MSW). In general, the urban solid wastes are called
refuse. The Municipal solid wastes are a mixture of paper, plastic, clothes, metals, glass, organic matter etc. generated
from households, commercial establishments and markets.
Municipal solid wastes are collected locally and the amount collected depends upon the size and
consumption of the population.

2) Industrial Wastes:
Industrial wastes are released from chemical plants, paint industries, cement factories, power plants,
metallurgical plants, mining operations, textile industries, food processing industries petroleum industries
and thermal power plants. These industries produce different types of waste products Industrial solid wastes
can be classified into two groups.

Hazardous Non Hazardous

3) Agricultural Wastes:
Agricultural areas produce plants and animals wastes. Excess use of fertilizer, pesticides and other chemicals used in
agriculture and the wastes formed from these cause land and water pollution. They also contaminate the soil. Other
agriculture wastes are produced from sugar factories, tobacco processing units, slaughter houses, livestock, poultry
etc.

4) Mining:
The wastes generated by mining activities which releases heavy metal residues which are found around mines during
mining process such as blasting etc., It is very harmful in nature which includes:
• Lead
• Arsenic etc.
It pollutes air and water.

5) Bio Medical Waste:

Wastes which are generated from Hospitals, Clinics, Nursing Homes, etc. are known as bio medical waste or clinical
waste. Wastes, which are produced from the hospitals, medical centres and nursing homes are called bio-medical
wastes. These wastes are highly infectious which include used bandages, infected needles, amputated body organs,
dead human fetuses, wastes of surgery and other materials from biological research centres. Pharmacies discard
outdated and unused drugs; testing laboratories dispose of chemical wastes which are hazardous in the environment.
6) Animal Waste:
Wastes which are generated from animals or slaughtering houses are known as animal waste.

7) Nuclear Waste:
Waste which are generated during the nuclear power plant operations are known as nuclear waste. Power plants
includes RADIOACTIBVE METALS & MINERALS.
Most of the care needs to taken for this kind of waste as they are dangerous if they come into the contact of
humans.
 Classification of waste
According to Moisture

WET WASTE DRY WASTE

Wet Waste - Refers to all items that are organic like food items, soiled food wrappers,
hygiene products, yard waste, tissues and paper towels, etc

Dry waste includes items such as bottles, cans, clothing, plastic, wood, glass, metals and
paper.
 Classification of waste

According to effect on life and environment

Hazardous Waste Non Hazardous Waste

• Danger/ Risky
• Toxic & Harmful
• Inflammable
• Reactive
• Corrosive
• Explosive
 Classification of Waste

According to their Properties

Bio Degradable Non Bio Degradable

1) Bio Degradable: Which are organic and are easily breakable by microorganisms over a
period of time are called Bio degradable
2) Non Degradable: Which are not easily breakable by microorganisms and remains on
earth on years on years unless and until we treat them.
 Effects of Solid Waste
 Introduction
Modernization and Industrialization has made human life more comfortable but has created numerous
problems too. With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and other
essentials, there has been rise in the amount of solid waste generated on daily basis. This waste is
ultimately thrown into municipal waste collection centres from there it has been collected by
municipalities to be thrown into the landfills and dumps resulting in huge mountains of garbage which is
very hazardous to health and causing various environmental damage.
One of the most disturbing aspects is the problem of pollution and environmental damage it is causing
to the earth.

 Effects of Solid waste on Environment

1) Land Use
In a society that generates this amount of garbage, land use for landfills becomes an issue. Particularly
in densely populated, high-consumption places such as Japan, the amount of space being dedicated to
storing trash is disturbing to residents. Solutions include recycling, reduction of packaging, and
lowering consumption rates.
2)Toxins
Many types of objects that are thrown away contain toxic substances that can leach into soil and water,
affecting the health of plants, animals and humans. Electronics contain mercury, lead, cadmium,
chromium and other metals that compromise environmental health. Construction waste may contain
fossil fuel and other toxic substances.
3)Methane
A major environmental concern is gas release by decomposing garbage. Methane gas is released due
to dumping of solid waste and landfills with high amount of moisture. With this gasses contributes
increase emissions of greenhouse gases which increases global climatic change.
4)Smell
One effect of solid waste disposal that is less severe but more familiar to many people is bad smell.
Neighbors of landfills often complain of the smell that emanates from them, and this is one of the reasons
that proposals for new landfills are frequently opposed by neighbors of proposed sites. Given the size that
landfills grow to, there is no readily available solution for the problem of smell.
5)Landfills
A landfill is a solid waste disposal method in which discarded materials are buried between layers of earth
in an attempt to reduce public health hazards caused by decaying refuse. When toxic industrial waste is
dumped into the soil the toxicity spreads on land and can change the physical and chemical properties of
the soil and affects the fertility of the land. These toxicity may leach down into the soil and contaminate
the ground water and would be unfit for use.
6)Pollution of rivers and lakes: Solid waste may simply just get washed away by rain water and may
contaminate the surface water found in rivers, lakes, pounds as well as the oceans.
 Effect of Solid Waste on Human Health, Animals and Aquatic Life

1)Respiratory Problem:
Solid waste dumping of Bio degradable as well as non biodegradable waste in dumping grounds produces a small
and is the breeding ground for mosquitoes and other insects that carries numerous diseases.

2) Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

3) Mixing of wastes:

4) Flooding problem:

5) Increase in numerous diseases:

 Measures for reduction of adverse impact on environment and humans

1) Proper segregation
2) Less use of product
3) Production of recyclable product
4) Increase in recycling reusing material
5) Using less hazardous material during production of goods
6) Laid down proper standards
7) Special care for Plastic products and special measures for plastic useable
8) Safer Collection points
 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

Disposal of Solid waste or semi-solid waste generated from human activities, which are useless, unwanted and
hazardous in nature. Following are some methods for solid waste disposal:

R4 Landfills

Bans &
Restrictions Combustion or
Incineration

Composting
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MUMBAI SCHEME

1. Mumbai has a coastal stretch of 603 sq.km. geographically, the city Mumbai can be divided into three
sections:

Island city Western Suburbs Eastern Suburbs

2. Mumbai is also known as Financial and Commercial capital of the country, that
accommodates more than 13 million people presently that is increasing on a daily basis.
Such a huge human population city generates a voluminous quantity of waste of many
kinds on daily basis.
3. Mumbai has 7,025 tons a day waste production.
4. The collection and transportation of the huge amount of waste is a matter of concern
of any corporation.
5. The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) thus has a huge task to
perform with regards to waste management In Mumbai.
6. The MCGM operates a huge fleet of 983 Municipal and Private Vehicles for
collection of waste 1396 number of trips each day.
7) The three transfer station at Mahalaxmi, Kurla & Versova supports transfer of waste from
the surroundings areas up to the dumping grounds.
8) Total manpower employed are:
Sweepers and Motor Loaders : 28,821
Supervisory and Administrative staff : 1,592
(Diag. from text bk pg 19)

Initiatives taken by MCGM in sector of Collection and Transportation of waste

Txt bk pg 19

END OF CHAPTER 1
 CH-2 AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

AGRICULTURE
• The term “Agriculture” may be defined as the art and science of growing plants and other
crops and the raising of animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain.
• It is the science, art or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and
feeding breeding and raising livestock, farming
• Often when speaking of the agriculture impact on the environment, one restricts any
consideration to processes of pollution of surface and ground waters from chemicals added
to the soil during agricultural practices.
• No doubts such processes exist and may have even a prominent importance. They are
caused either by water infiltration in soil, with the consequent possibility of nutrient and
pesticide leaching.
 IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT ON AGRICULTURE

INTRODUCTION
as human population increases globally there is an increasing demand for food. The existing
agricultural lands have to be used more intensively to get more yields. Multiple cropping also
being practiced to increase world food production. However the increasing pressure on agricultural
lands has resulted in loss of soil fertility.
Modern agricultural practices thus has to rely on the heavy usage of high amounts of external
inputs, such as inorganic chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
These practices has led to considerably increase in overall food production in the world, however
this has resulted in continuous environmental degradation, particularly soil, vegetation and water
resources.
2) Fertilizers related problems like:
• Micronutrient imbalance:
• Nitrate Pollution
• Eutrophication

3) Thousand types of pesticides are used in agriculture with a number of side effects
• Creating resistence in pests and producing new pests.
• Death of non targeted organism

4) Water logging due to over irrigation

5) Salinity problem due to over irrigation

6) Loss of Biodiversity
7) Land conversion & habitat loss
8) Soil erosion & degradation
9) Pollution
10) Climatic Change
 LOSS OF PRODUCTIVITY, LAND
DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
In the yearly of human existence on the earth, man was just a hunter and a food gatherer. Some
10,000 to 12,000 years ago he learned the art of cultivation of crops. Since then he has modified
the face of the earth in numerous ways. As population increased the demand for foods also
increased and consequently he had to find newer modern means to increase food production.
Modern agriculture makes use of hybrid seeds of selected and single crop variety, high tech
equipment and extensive use o fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water.
However some of the major problems associated with agriculture resulting in loss of soil
productivity and fertility due to land degradation and desertification.
1) Soil Erosion
Shifting of top layer of soil from one place to another.
There are two types of soil erosion:
a) Normal and b) Accelerated Erosion
A) Normal Soil erosion:
• It is a natural processes
• It occurs slow in nature
• Continuously relatively unnoticed

B) Accelerated Soil erosion:

• It is a man made process
• It occurs fast in nature
• It causes serious loss of top soil.
The following the agents of soil erosion: Agents in the sense because of these soil erosion occure
A) Water
B) Wind
C) Biotic Agents: e.g. Deforestation
Causes of Soil Erosion
1) Lack of vegetation
2) Slope of the land
3) Wind
4) Rain and Rainwater runoff

Effects of Soil Erosion

1) Loss of top fertile crop
2) Surface water pollution
3) Reduction in crop production potential

2) Salinization :
Txt pg. 26

It refers to a build-up of salts in soil, eventually to toxics levels for plants.. Problems with salinization is
excessive rather than little problem. Salinization is a worldwide problem which use lots of irrigation water,
 Are poorly drained, and never get well flushed. In extreme case land is full abandoned because it is too salty to farm
profitably. The treatment of this is to flush the soil with lots of water.

3) Waterlogging

It refers to problem associated with excessive irrigation on poorly drained soils is waterlogging. This problem can be
reduced if the efficiency of irrigation system could be improved and mor appropriate crops could be grown.

4)Desertification: It is a process of land degradation by which a region becomes progressively drier & drier eventually
becoming desert or a waste land. “ The process of fertile land transforming into desert typically as a result of
deforestation, drought or improper/inappropriate agriculture.”

5) Human Activity:
UNEVEN FOOD PRODUCTION- HUNGER, MALNUTRITION
AND FOOD SECURITY
INTRODUCTION
During the last 50 years world grain production has increased almost 3 times, thereby
increasing per capita production by about 50%. But at the same time population growth
increases at such a rate in the less developed countries that has less food production
consequently leading to food shortage on the earth. Every year 40 million people die of
undernourishment and malnutrition. This means that every year our food shortage problem
is killing as many people as were killed by atomic bomb dropped during World War II.
 Hunger, Malnutrition
INTRODUCTION
A large number of people go hungry or suffer from malnutrition due to inadequate diet,. In other
words, people are hungry in this world not because there isn’t enough food to eat, but because
they do not have enough means to buy it.
On an average, people in the richest countries consumes 30 to 40% more calories then that
needed. The people in the poorest nation get 10% less than the basic minimum.
Meaning of Hunger
Hinger is related to non availability or insufficient amount of food due to poverty, natural calamity,
etc.
Meaning of Malnutrition
It is related to non-availiablity of quality fooding. A person whose caloric intake remain below
2000 kcal/day becomes malnourished.
Over 1 billion people do not get enough food to live their lives. Almost 400 million of them get less than 80%
of their basics needs and hence they are suffering from lack of growth and constantly goes under serious
illness. Every million about 11 million children under the age of 5 die from hunger or hunger related diseases
 Factors responsible for Hunger & Malnutrition
1) Arable land
2) Civil unrest
3) Severe drought, floods
4) Land ownership
5) Commercialisation of agriculture
6) Uneven production and distribution of food.
7) Disruption of traditional agriculture
8) Food and Financial aid
9) Low income
 FOOD SECURITY
The food and agricultural organisation (1983) defines food security as, “ ensuring that all the
people to all time have both physical and economic access to basic food they need”.

World Development Report (1996) defines as, “ access by all people all times to enough food for
an active, healthy life.”
Food security thus involves availability of food to the entire population in a country. For healthy
life, the food available should be adequate in quality as well as quantity to meet nutritional
requirements.
When we think of food security we must consider following steps to achieve the target:
Stage 1
The most basic need from the point of view of survival, adequate amt of cereals must be available to all.

Stage 2
Cereals and pulses

Stage 3
Cereals, pulses milk and milk products

Stage 4
Cereals, pulses milk and milk products, vegetables, fruits, fish, eggs and meat.

Causes for food insecurity

1) World Food Prices
2) World trade rules
3) Climatic change
4) Natural causes
 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Agriculture has changed dramatically over a period of time specially after world war II. Food and Fiber
productivity soared due to new technologies, increased use, specialization and govt policies that favoured
maximizing production.
These changes have led to many positive effects and reduced many risks in farming. However, a lot of
social and environmental problems came up along with these changes.
A growing moment has emerged during the past two decades which is called as sustainable agriculture.
SA address many environmental and social concerns, but it offers innovative and economical opportunities
for labourers, consumers, policymakers and other in the process of entire food system.
Sustainable agriculture integrates 3 main goals:
• Environmental health
• Economical profitability
• Social and economic equity
Sustainability rests on the principal that we must meet the need of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
Following are some of the important areas where changes can be incorporated in order to achieve Sustainable
development:
A. Plant Production Practices:
• Soil management
• Efficient use of inputs
• Management planning
B. Framing & Natural resources:
• Water
• Energy
• Air
• Soil
• Land Use
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
INDUSTRIES
MEANING
Industrial pollution is the contamination of the environment by businesses, particularly plants &
factories that dump waste products into air, water & land. It is one of the largest contributors
to the global pollution problem endangering people & the environment.
MAJOR SOURCES
The effects of the pollution of industries is not the same. Some industries are more responsible
for pollution due to their high potential. E.g in 2010, CPCB have categorised 17 industries as
Red Category industries, as their pollution potential is extremely high. Industries such as:
• Aluminium,
• Dyes,
• Cement,
• Fertilizers
• Pharmaceuticals,
• Iron & steel,
• Copper
• Oil refineries,
• Sugar,
• Pesticides
• Thermal power plants
 TYPES:

On the basis of their physical state of pollutants can be classified into 3 major categories:
• Solid
• Liquid & Gaseous, but apart from this there are other form of pollutants such as noise and odour.
Accordingly industrial pollution can be classified in the following ways:
a) Air Pollution due to industries
b) Water Pollution due to industries
c) Land Pollution due to industries
d) Noise Pollution due to industries
A)Air Pollution due to industries: Air gets polluted when its natural composition is
disturbed by natural or human sources.
Effects:
Gaseous pollutants adversely affect human & animal respiratory system. Following are
the effects of air pollution caused due to industries:
a) Effects on human health
b) Effects on human and vegetation
c) Smog
d) Ozone depletion: Substances like CFCs are emitted by the industries . When CFCs
reach upper layers of the atmosphere, they break down the vital ozone layer. It allows
the entry of harmful ultra violet rays into the atmosphere, having disastrous effect on
environment.
e) Global Warming
B) Water Pollution due to industries:
Effects:
a) Effects on human health
b) Effects on Aquatic Animal and plant life
c) Eutrophication

C) Land Pollution due to industries:

It refers to change in physical, chemical and biological conditions of the land through
human interventions resulting in degradation of the quality and productivity.
Effects:
a) Problems of Loss of land & Re-use of Industrial land
b) Effect on human health
c) Problem of dumping sites
d) Aesthetic Impact
D) Sound Pollution due to industries: It refers to the sensation produced in the brain when certain vibrations
reach the organs of hearing through air or another elastic medium. Pollution begins when sound turns to be a
noise. Noise is a pollutant that pollutes sound. Sound is measured in the unit called the ‘Decibel’. Any sound
above 90 decibels (dB) is noise.
Effects:
a) Hearing Loss
b) Physiological effects
c) Psychological effects
 GLOBAL WARMING
MEANING
We know that Global Warming has become a major concern in the world.
We have also started facing its effects in recent times.
The term ‘Global Warming’ denotes a rise in the earth’s
average temperature.
A steady rise in the earth’s average temperature
is noted, since the beginning of industrial revolution.
Since 1960 every passing decades has been warmer than
The previous one and the earth’s temperature is still on rise.
 CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
• Global warming becomes a problem when the amount of greenhouse gases into atmosphere, especially
carbon dioxide, increase in anthropogenic activities such as burning biomass, converting coal into
electric at power stations and realising chlorofluorocarbons(cfcs) into the atmosphere.
• the additional amount of greenhouse gases then produces excessive warming by more efficiently trapping
the radiation.
• industries are the biggest contributors of greenhouse gases.
• as per 2010 data 46%of global greenhouse gas emissions come from industrial sector.
• it includes the burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity. it also involves fossil fuels burned on
site at industrial facilities for energy.
• But, human activities such as industrialization, deforestation, and environmental pollution causes
increase in the greenhouse gases. This increase in gases results in more heat being trapped on earth’s
surface. Thus increase in the average temperature and causing Global warming.
• There have been many campaigns organized by United Nations & other
countries to fight global warming.
• Several agreements have been signed by many countries to reduce the
greenhouse gas emission.
• There are many ways by which we can prevent the occurrence of global
warming.
 EFFECTS:
A) Climatic Change
B) Melting of glaciers
C) Sea level changes
D) Submerge of lowlands
E) Impacts on flora & fauna
F) Impact on agriculture
G) Impact on human health
 ACID RAIN
MEANING
Acid rain in simple terms, is a rainfall that contains acid. it can be in the form of mist or snow.
The term acid rain was first used by Robert smith in 1872. Acid rain forms, when chemical air
pollutants react with the water droplets in the atmosphere. with this reaction, the suspended water
droplets turns into an acid that falls in the form of rain. Acid rain forms when water molecules in the
atmosphere react with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides to form an acidic compound. the resulting
compound has a lower ph.
• Major area that suffers from acid rain are Southern Sweden, parts of Central Europe, North-eastern USA and
Eastern Canada.
• It must be noted that acid rain may fall in the areas that are hundreds of kilometers away from the areas of
industrial pollution.
• It occurs mainly due to factors of wind.

Effects:
a) Effects on soil
b) Effects on vegetation(vegetation to refer to all plants and trees collectively, typically those in a specific region.)
c) Effects on water bodies and aquatic life
d) Effects on humans
e) Effects on Monuments
 SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
MEANING:
Sustainable means, ‘Staying for longer time’. SIP are the practices that sustain not only
industrial development but also the environment. As environment is base for any industries, it
becomes duty not just ethical to keep environment qualitatively but quantitatively healthy.
Definition according to United Nation, “Industrial sustainable practices help to meet our
present needs, without hampering the potential of the future generations to met thir own needs.
The objectives of sustainable industrial practices are:
(a) To adopt non polluting practices and
(b) To conserve resources for long- lasting industrial enterprise.
 Sustainable industrial practices
Following are the some of the sustainable industrial practices:

(a) General Practices:

• It includes energy efficiency, low wastage, use of safe & environmental material, and sound treatment of
industrial waste.
• Using energy saving lights, controlling electricity wastage, making manufacturing process in such a way
that it will generate minimal wastage, using inputs like chemicals, which are safer for the health of the
workers, and people living nearby and also which are harmful for the environment, proper treatment of
waste by using physical and chemical methods, using minimum use of water.

(b) Technical Practices: There are some specific methods, like source correction, pollution control
equipment that are as follows:
• Substituting hazardous raw material by non hazardous one, e.g. use of LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) or
Natural Gas instead of coal or diesel.
• Modifying existing equipment.
• Using filters to separate particular matter from the gases in electric power plants.
• Using scrubber to catch pollutants during emissions.
• Installation water treatment plants to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, segregation of chemical in the waste
water practices.
• Practising sustainable ways of dumping solid waste.
• Controlling noise by shielding noise generating devices, moving noisy things away from people, sound
absorbing motors, improvement in machine design.

(C) Institutional & Legal Practices:

Many times entrepreneurs skip eco friendly industrial practices with a motive of profit maximization and
lesser capital investment. As a result Institutional and Legal practices become necessary to compel
entrepreneurs adopt sustainable industrial practices.
It includes strict implementation of existing legislation and policies, as well as enacting new laws to address
various issues and crimes in implementation sustainable practices.
• It is not possible for industries to stop greenhouse gas emission, or tom start sustainable waste treatment
immediately. In such cases, a programme of gradual phasing out of emission with short term goals is very
effective. It helps to reduce emissions in a gradual way.
• Polluter should pay
• Relocation of Industrial areas
 Green Business
Concept:
A business functioning in a capacity where no negative impact is made on the local or
global environment, the community, or the economy. A green business will also engage
in forward-thinking policies for environmental concerns and policies affecting human
rights.
Green business is not only natural environment quality, but also human environmental
quality.
It talks about sustainability of environment, economy, ad human rights.
Green business is an organization that are committed to the principles of environmental
sustainability in its operations, use of renewable resources, and tries to minimize the
negative environment l impact of its activities.

Practices:
A green business is one which follows sustainable industrial practices. It includes such
practices that reduces pollution, and some institutional practices that create environment
for practicing such measures.
1)Product Stewardship:
• It means that manufacturer is responsible for waste, reduction, recycling and the use of renewable material.
• It includes the use of degradable, organic or natural products.
• It includes reduction measures for reducing resources consumption and waste generation.

2) Eco Labelling:
• It is a process where goods are marked as eco friendly.
• This system has been adopted by many countries like Canada, Japan, India, Sweden, USA, etc.
• It helps the consumer to identify the environmental impact of the product on the environment.
• It encourages the manufacturer to reduce the impact of their product.
• It also creates public awareness.
• E.g. In india Electronic appliances often carry stars indicating its energy saving capacity. Even stationery
like notebooks, indicates recycled paper.

3) Green Packaging:

4) Green Marketing: Green marketing refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their
environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be environmentally friendly in itself or produced in an
environmentally friendly way, such as: Being manufactured in a sustainable fashion.
5) Environmental Audit:
• It is to understand the type & the amount of resources used by a company or facilities, and the type of
waste & emissions generated.
• This also helps to set priorities as to how a company can get the greatest return on its efforts.

6) Cost Saving Practices:

• GB practices make workplace healthier and safer.
• It includes the practices like heat generating by waste, cutting down the paper use in exchange of
electronic technology, turning off the electronic device when not in use all this provides possibility to save
cost.

7) Other Practices:
• Companies can encourage their employees to use public transportation istead of their own cars to reduce
air pollution.
• Other green practices includes Segregation of waste, Organising seminars about Green Business and
Environmental protection, (Rule of not smoking in the office, etc. and do participated in environmental
actions.)
 GREEN CONSUMERISM
INTRODUCTION:
Green Business cannot work without Green Consumerism, both are complementary to each other.
There needs to be demand for eco-friendly products and corresponding to eah other., to make
industry sustainable.
GC is the process of using environmentally friendly products that do not cause risk for human
health and do not threaten the function of diversity to natural ecosystem.
GC comes from the desire to protect resources for future generations and to increase quality of life.
It is the regular practice of consumption of only environmentally friendly products that do not cause
any damage to human health and do not threaten the functions and working of any natural
ecosystem.
Following are the features of green consumerism:

1) Environment related motivation that is reflected in purchase choice, product use and post use.
2) Purchase and use of biodegradable, recycled and energy saving products.
3) Purchase product & services that have positive or less negative influence on the environment.

Practices:
Following are the practices that help to promote and strengthen green consumerism:

1) Standard & Mandatory Labels:

• These are mandatory labels used to identify a green product.
• Such labels are standardized by government bodies and are made mandatory.
• Such measure help elimination of unsustainable products from the market.

2) Voluntary Labelling:
• One of the most commonly used instruments for influencing sustainable consumer choice is voluntary
labelling which has expanded to more products & countries in recent years.
• These labels are most useful when they communicate complex information on sustainability in a simple
way and provide transparency which enables consumers to make informed choice.
3) Taxes & Charges:
• By rising prices on less sustainable products, taxes and charges can be effective in influencing
consumer behavior towards sustainability.
• T & C can be more cost effective than regulations.
• Taxes are more efficient than regulations from an economic point of view and give more flexibility to
households and firms to adapt.

4) Subsidies & Incentives:

• Helps to encourage consumers and households to make more sustainable products.
• Monetary grands, donations of goods and fiscal incentives in the form of tax reduction.

5) Education:
• It is one of the most powerful tools for providing individuals with the appropriate skills & competencies
to become sustainable consumer.
• It is incorporate din schools & college curriculum.
6) Communication Campaigns:
• Information & awareness raising among consumers through public communications campaigns are commonly used to
promote sustainable consumption.
• These approach to promote sustainable consumption are often based on social marketing techniques which are
consumer oriented.
• Research, Planning, Targeting, using different tools, over a period until results are achieved are the key ingredients in
successful public communication campaigns.

7) Advertising:
• Television and radio commercials, flyers, magazines and other form of advertising are aimed at promoting
consumption in all form.
• Advertising can be a powerful force for promoting sustainable consumption in highlighting the
sustainability dimensions of goods and services and convincing consumers to purchase these products.

8) Public Procurement:
• Government have enormous power to influence markets towards sustainable through quantity of their
purchase while providing good sustainable consumption examples for their citizens.
9) Understanding Consumer Behaviour:
• Promoting sustainable consumption requires improved understanding of consumer behaviour and
attitudes.
• Policy tools and various instruments may need to be targeted as different households, individuals, or
groups.
• Many variable should be taken into consideration including income, age, attitudes and gender.

CSR towards Environment refer from txt bk of Vipul’s Prakashan

Pg. 87

 END OF CHAPTER 2
 CH-3 TOURISM & ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION:
In recent globalized era tourism is not only an entertainment activity, it is also considered as an industry.
It is an inseparable combination of economic, social, cultural and environmental activity. It contributes
to development in respect of creating employment, create foreign exchange, increase tax revenue and
promote different types of business activities. Historically ability to travel was reserved for royal people
or upper class people. In ancient Romanhistory (17th century) reveals that young men of high standard
used to encourage travel in Europe through ‘grand tour’.
Basically tourism is a pleasure activity.In which money earned in one’s domicile and spend in the palce
visited.
Meaning of Tourism

It is the short term temporary moment to destinations outside the places where they generally work & live.
There is no universally accepted definition of tourism. In India, origin of the concept tourism found in
Sanskrit Literature, which has three terms (Tirthana,Paryatana, and Deshatana) derived from the root word
‘Athana’ means going out.
Berneckner defines ‘Tourism is the some of the relations and services connected with a temporary and
voluntary change of residence for non-commercial or non professional reasons’.

To analyse the definition, it is found that ‘change of residence’ of a tourist must be voluntary, temporary in a
nature and for a non commercial purpose.

According to WTO, Tourist is people who “travel and stay in places outside the usual environment for not
more than on consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an
activity remunerated from the place visited’.
 Nature & Scope of Tourism:

1) Multidisciplinary Subject: Tourism is a multidisciplinary subject and attracts the attention of geograplers,
historians, economists and behaviour scientists.
- From geographers perspective tourism is the main concern is to look at the geographical location of a place,
the climate, the landscape, the environment, etc.
- From Sociologist perspective tourism is a social activity, it is interaction between two different communities
culture among the host and guest countries.
- From Historian perspective looks into how the concept of tourism has changed in different ages.
- From economist point of view tourism is creator of national income, foreign exchange, and employment.
- From management point of view tourism is an industry and therefore needs management skills in order to
properly managed.

2) Varied Scope of tourism:

The scope of tourism is varied. India has mountain in the north and north east, long coastal belts in south, varied
landscape, forest, historical sites, and scene beaches, which can attract huge number of tourists.
In any month a year India can provide a wide selection of destinations experience to the tourists. Hence India is
one of the most preferred destinations for both Domestic & International Travellers.
3) Tourism helps the foreign tourist to understand and experience Indias cultural diversity
first hand.

4) Worlds Tourism & Travel Council projected that India will be a tourism hot spot from
2009 to 2018 having highest 10 years growth potentials.

5) Tourism in India is the largest service industry with a contribution of 6.88% in the
national GDP and 12.36% of the total employment in India.
 IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

1) Contributes for economic development: It is found that there has been upward trend in tourism in last few
years. In 2008 International tourist movement reached 924 million, up 16 million over 2007.International
tourist generated US$ 856 billion or 30% of the worlds export of services. Tourism is the major source of
income for many countries in he country in the world.
2) Helps towards Cultural Exchange & Social Benefits: Its importance was recognized in the Manila
Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as an “activity essential to the life of nations, because of its direct
effects on the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors of national societies and on their international
relations. The development of tourism industry helps to develop some important sectors of a country like
transportation, hotels, malls, amusement park, etc.
3) Creates Employment Generation: With every passing year the number of incoming & outgoing tourists are
increasing. Today tourism is emerging as a leading sector in the world. In this planet 1 out of every 15 people is
involved with tourism activity. Tourism industry has shown it significant expansion in last 40 to 50 years, and is
considered as number one employment generator industry in the world. In many countries, tourism has contributed
significantly to the growth in income, foreign exchange and generation of jobs.

4)Contributes to the Balance of Payment: Day by day tourists choice of destination and their tastes are becoming
more sophisticated. As a result tourists are demanding better quality of products. The demand for better quality of
product has resulted in the emergence of new trends. Moreover tourism helps to publicise a coutrys art culture,
traditions in the world map. E.g. Nepal & Bhutan these are small countries, but due to their scenic beauty & rich culture
many foreign tourist visits these countries.