SUBSTATION

• SUBSTATION - A station in the power transmission

system at which electric power is transformed to
a conveniently used form. The station may
consist of transformers, switches, circuit breakers
and other auxiliary equipment. Its main function
is to receive energy transmitted at high voltage
from the generating station, by either step-up or
step-down the voltage to a value appropriate for
local use and provide facilities for switching.
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

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 THE FUNCTION of A SUBSTATION
1. To isolate a faulted element from the rest of the utility
system.
2. To allow an element to be disconnected from the rest of
the utility syst. for maintenance or repair.
3. To change or transform voltage levels from one part of the
utility system to another.
4. To control power flow in the utility system by switching
elements into or out of the utility system.
5. To provide sources of reactive power for power factor
correction or voltage control.
6. To provide data concerning system parameters (voltage,
current and power flow) for use in operating the utility
system).
PARTS OF SUBSTATION
1. Site related system
2. Switchyard system
3. Control Building Syst.
4. Protection, control, and
metering system
5. Auxiliary system

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 The task associated with major substations
• Protection of transmission system
• Controlling the exchange of energy
• Ensuring steady state and transient stability.
• Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism.
• Maintaining the system frequency within targeted limits.
• Voltage control; reducing the reactive power flow by
compensation of reactive power, tap changing.

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Conventional air insulated substation (AIS):
In such substations busbar and connectors can be seen
by naked eye. In such a substation, circuit breakers,
isolators, transformers, CTs, VTs, etc are installed outdoor.

SF6 Gas insulated substation (GIS): There are compact

and require modest maintenance. In GIS the various
substation equipment like CTs, VTs, busbar,circuit
breakers, surge arresters, isolators, earthing switches, etc
are in the form of metal enclosed SF6 gas filled modules.

Composite substations having combination of the two

above

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Typical Components of a Power Plant
Substation (Switchyard)

• CONNECT •A - Busbar

• CONNECT & DIS-CONNECT •B - Disconnector

• CONNECT, DIS-CONNECT & DETECT •C - Circuit Breaker

• DETECT & TRANSFORM •D - Current Transformer

• DETECT & TRANSFORM •E - Voltage Transformer

• PROTECT & SAFETY •F - Earthing Switch

• PROTECT •G - Surge Arrestor

 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

 Basically an electrical sub station consists

of a number of incoming circuits and out

I
going circuits connected to common bus
bar systems.
 Bus bars are conducting bars to which a
number of incoming or out going circuits
are connected.
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Each circuit connected to the bus bar will have certain
electrical component such as circuit breakers, isolators,
earth switches, current transformers and voltage
transformers.
These components are connected in a definite
sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during
normal operation by manual command and also
automatically during abnormal conditions such as
short circuits.

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 Equipment in a Sub-Stations

1. Circuit Breakers
2. Bus Bars
3. Reclosers and Sectionalizer
4. Disconnect Switch (Isolating Switch)
5. Power Transformers
6. Lightning / Surge Arrestors
7. Protection & Relay panels.
 Bus Bars

•When a number of lines operating at the

same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, bus-bars are used as the common
electrical component.

•Bus-bars are copper or aluminium bars

(generally of rectangular x-section) and
operate at constant voltage.
Busbars
(long heavy
tube type)
SINGLE BUS SYSTEM:
 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
 SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

BUS SECTION-1 BUS SECTION-2

SECTIONALISER ISOLATOR

BREAKER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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Duplicate BUS Bar System
 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
• RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

1/7/2020
ISOLATOR

M L SHESHADRI
BREAKER

LINE

POWER TRANSFORMER

LINE
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 DISCONNECTS
• DISCONNECT – is an easily removed piece of the actual
conductor of a circuit. The purpose of disconnects is to isolate
equipment. Disconnects are not used to interrupt circuits;
they are no-load devices. A typical use of disconnects is to
isolate a circuit breaker by installing one disconnect on either
side of the circuit breaker (in series with the breaker).
Operation of disconnects is one of the most important and
responsible jobs of a power plant operator. One error in
isolation of equipment, or the accidental grounding of line
equipment, can be a fatal mistake.
 Disconnect Switch
( moving contact rod (A) &
contacts with flexible
fingers (B) )

B
A
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
• CIRCUIT BREAKER – is used to interrupt circuits while current
is flowing through them. The making and breaking of contacts
in a Oil type circuit breaker are done under oil, this oil serves
to quench the arc when the circuit is opened. The operation
of the breaker is very rapid when opening. As with the
transformer, the high voltage connections are made through
bushings. Circuit breakers of this type are usually arranged for
remote electrical control from a suitably located switchboard.
Some recently developed circuit breakers have no oil, but
put out the arc by a blast of compressed air; these are called
air circuit breakers. Another type encloses the contacts in a
vacuum or a gas (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) which tends to self
maintain the arc.
 Classification of Circuit Breakers

1. Oil C.B
2. Air Blast C.B
3. SF6
4. Vacuum C.B
 Operating
Mechanism
Panel
Circuit Breakers
( Connected in a typical 3-
phase circuit )

Position
Indicator
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
• CURRENT TRANSFORMER – Current transformer are used
with ammeters, watt meters, power-factor meters, watt-hour
meters,compensators, protective and regulating relays and
the trip coil of circuit breakers. One current transformer can
be used to operate several instruments, provided that the
combined burden does not exceed that for which the
transformer is designed and compensated. The current
transformer is connected directly in series with the line.
 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
• VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER – also know as potential
transformer, are used with volt-meters, wattmeters, watt-
hour meters, power-factor meters, frequency meters,
synchronizing apparatus, protective and regulating relays and
the no-voltage and over-voltage trip coils of automatic circuit
breakers. One transformer can be used for a number of
instruments at the same time if the total current taken by the
instrument does not exceed that for which the transformer is
designed and compensated.
 EARTHING SWITCH
• EARTHING SWITCH – also known as ground disconnect, which
used to connects the equipment to a grid of electrical
conductors buried in the earth on the station property. It is
intended to protect people working on the grounded
equipment. It does this by completing a circuit path, thereby
reducing the voltage difference between the equipment and
its surroundings. For safety reasons, it is important that
ground disconnects and all associated connections have good
contact and low resistance
 SURGE ARRESTOR
• SURGE ARRESTOR – are devices used to provide the
necessary path to ground for such surges, yet prevent any
power current from following the surge. An ideal arrester
must therefore have the following properties:
1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the line in a min. time.
2. High resistive to flow of power current.
3. A valve action automatically allowing surge to pass and then
closing up so as not to permit power current to flow to
ground.
4. Performance such that no system disturbances are introduced
by its operation.
• OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE – by a ground wire is meant a
wire, generally of steel, supported from the top of
transmission-line towers and solidly grounded at each tower.
It is considered a preventive device, but it does not entirely
prevent the formation of travelling waves on a line.
Furthermore, those lines which are not equipped with ground
wires will be subjected to disturbances which produce surges
that must be allowed to escaped to ground, or the apparatus
connected to the line must be strong enough to reflect or
absorb these surges until they are entirely damped out.
 Sub-Stations Design Parameters

1. Selection of Transformers
2. Ratings of Circuit Breaker
3. Ratings of Switch Disconnect
4. Characteristics of Voltage Transformers
5. Characteristics of Current Transformers
 Problem

Draw the single line diagram of a substation

having the following equipments:
i) Incoming lines: Two,110kV
ii) Outgoing lines: (a) One, 110kV (b)Four, 11kV
iii) Transformers: (a) Two,10MVA,110/11kV, D/Y
(b) One, 2MVA,11kV/
415V,Y/Y
iv) Bus-bars: 110kV-Duplicate bus-bar,11kV
single bus-bar
Thank You