Risk Assessment & Job

Safety Analysis
 Introduction
Majority of accident that happens in the construction site
is due to the fact that more personnel involved in the
construction activities lack the basic knowledge of the
various job step, the hazards and the control measures
for each hazard
The Work Method of Statement, Risk Assessment & Job
Safety Analysis (JSA) will cover this gap by giving the
people the necessary training, information etc… about
each job (task) and how to carry it out without accidents

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 JSA
 JSA shall be conducted during;
 Critical task
 Non-routine Task
 Permit To Work Task
 Routine Task (Daily/pre-task)
 Every work activities shall have a corresponding Work
Method of Statement prepared by the task Supervisor or
task Manager.
 Risk Assessment shall be done with respect to the
corresponding hazard that will be analyzed and mitigating
measures during job hazard analysis.
 JSA will be conducted to break down each job steps into
safe more detailed procedures.

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 Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment is an extremely useful tool in

providing a framework in which to identify the potential
hazards & evaluate the risks associated with all our
activities.
Risk Assessment now forms a routine element in
education & training within the Project.

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 Risk Assessment
To prevent workplace injury, disease & property
damage, it is necessary to identify the cause of
accidents
• This can de done:
 Reactively by accident investigation, or
 Proactively by carrying out risk assessments

• Risk assessment enables the identification of those

events or activities, which could cause harm &
evaluation of the associated risks.

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 Risk Assessment
IDENTIFY POTENTIAL LOSS
• Risk Assessments involve addressing the following
questions:
 What could go wrong?

 How likely are such events?

 What would happen if such events occurred?

 What are the associated risks?

 Are the risks acceptable?

 How can the risks be reduced...or removed?

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 Definition
• There is confusion in the interpretations of familiar words
such as accident, hazard, risk & danger and so on;
• Different sources of information put similar but different
interpretations on these expressions or terms
• So for the purpose of discussing risk assessment the
following conditions apply on the Project:
1. RISK ASSESSMENT
This is the process of identifying hazards and assessing
the risk of harm and loss threatened by the hazard.

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 Definition
2. RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Management in its broadest sense represents the
successful control of all threats of harm and loss to an
organisation, group of people or an individual
3. QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
This type of assessment produces numerical values of
the risk involved and evaluates the results against
specified risk criteria.
4. DANGER
Danger is a state or situation, which is a product of a
hazard and it’s associated risk.
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 Definition
5. ACCIDENT
An accident is commonly defined as an unplanned
event, which result in Injury or Damage.
6. INCIDENT
An incident is an event, which represents deviation from
the intended sequence of designed steps. Commonly
defined as an unplanned event, which does not result in
Injury or Damage A “Near Miss” is by definition an
Incident.
7. RISK
A risk is the likelihood that harm may result being a
function of both frequency and severity. The risk can
range from the trivial (a paper cut) to catastrophic
accident
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 Definition
8. SAFE OR SAFETY
Often thought of as representing the level of security and
freedom from harm.There is no such thing as complete
safety, an appropriate definition might be “the maximum
level of risk a person or organisation is prepared to accept”
9. HAZARD
A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm.
This can be substances or machines, methods of work and
other aspects of work organisations
10. Harm
Harm represents physical injury, death, ill health, property
and equipment damage and any from of associated loss
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 Risk management Tools

• Risk assessments for all field

(site activities)
• Hazard Operability Studies
(HAZOPS) Communication
and
• Hazard Identification Studies Documentation

(HAZIDS)
• Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Tool Box Talks

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 Risk Assessment Process
GENERIC RISK ASSESSMENT
A generic or group assessment is a general
assessment of the risk posed by a combination of
discrete or separate risks of varying type & severity.
The risk assessment process can be managed more
efficiently by producing generic risk assessments that
are applicable to as many people or places as possible
SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
Some specific hazards where a generic risk
assessment has not been carried out, or where it is not
considered suitable or sufficient, then a specific risk
12 assesment should be made.
 Hierarchy of Control
1. Eliminate the Hazard – the very
best thing to do if possible
2. Reduce the Hazard Safe Place
Strategies
3. Isolate Hazard from people
4. Control the extent of
exposure/contact with the hazard
5. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) almost the last resort Safe Person
6. Discipline Strategies
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 Risk Management Process
STAGES
1. Identify & analyse all tasks

2. Identify hazards that are, or may be involved

3. Identify those who may be exposed to the hazards
4. Analyse the risks of injury or loss from hazards
5. Evaluate if the risk is adequately controlled (consider
existing control measures)
6. Monitor & review

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 Stage Two – Identify Hazards
METHODS OF HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
• Accident Investigations
• Safety Survey or Safety Tours
• Communication (Tool Box Talks etc)
• Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Special Risk Assessment techniques such as:
 Hazard Operability Studies (HAZOPs)

 Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA)

 Hazard Operability Studies (HAZIDs)
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 Stage Three – Identify People at Risk

• Workforce directly involved in activity

• Other employees personnel
• Visitors
• Members of the public

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 Stage Four – Risk Assessment
The purpose of the Risk Analysis stage is to obtain an
idea of the size or the scale of the risk.
Put simply,
A Risk Assessment is finding out what could cause harm
to people (Environment, Task or Equipment)
and deciding if we have done enough, or need to do
more to protect them,
or better still to ensure we meet the Project H&S Policy
that all risks are As Low As Reasonably Practicable
(ALARP)

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 Stage Four – Risk Assessment
QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES
Where risk is expressed in terms of High, Medium or Low
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
Attempt to express risk in numerical terms & will be based on
calculation using data of failure rates of equipment, human
error, etc
RISK EVALUATION
Risk evaluation is determined by the Likelihood of the incident
event occurring multiplied by the Severity of the incident
LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY = RISK
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 Risk Assessment Matrix

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 Risk Evaluation - Likelihood
LIKELIHOOD POTENTIAL is determined as follows:
E - Happens several time per year in this project – could happen at
any time
D - Happens several time per year in our Corporate – could happen
sometimes
C - Incident has occurred in our Corporate – could happen, but very
rarely
B - Heard of in construction industry – could happen, but probably
never will
A - Never heard in construction industry – theoretical

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 Risk Evaluation - Severity
Harm to People
0 No injury or damage to health.
1 Slight injury or health effects (including First Aid case
and Medical Treatment case and Occupational illness)
- Not affecting work performance or causing disability.
2 Minor injury or health effects (Lost Time Injury )
-Affecting work performance, such as restriction to
activities (Restricted work Case or Occupational
Illness) or a need to take a few days to fully recover
(Lost Workday Case). Minor health effects, which are
reversible, e.g. skin irritation, food poisoning.

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 Risk Evaluation - Severity
Harm to People
3 Major injury or health effects (including Permanent Partial
Disability and Occupational Illness)
-Affecting work performance in the longer term, such as a
prolonged absence from work.
Irreversible health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise
induced hearing loss, chronic back injuries, sensitization,
hand/arm vibration syndrome, repetitive strain injury.
4 Permanent Total Disability or one to three fatalities
- from an accident or occupational illness.
Irreversible health damage with serious disability or death,
e.g. corrosive burns, heat stroke, cancer (small exposed
population)
5 Multiple fatalities
- from an accident or occupational illness (e.g. chemical
asphyxiation or cancer (large exposed population)
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 Risk Evaluation - Severity
Asset Damage and other Consequential
Business Losses (USD)
0 Zero damage
1 Slight damage - No disruption to operation (costs less
than 10,000)
2 Minor damage- Brief disruption (cost less than 100,000)
3 Local damage- Partial shutdown (can be restarted but
costs up to 1,000,000)
4 Major damage- Partial operation loss (2 weeks shutdown
costs up to 10,000,000)
5 Extensive damage- Substantial or total loss of operation
(costs in excess of 10,000,000)
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 Risk Evaluation - Severity
Environmental Effect
0 Zero effect - No environmental damage. No financial
consequences.
1 Slight effect - Slight environmental damage, within the fence
and within systems. Negligible financial consequences.
2 Minor effect - Sufficiently large contamination or discharge to
damage to attack the environment, but no lasting effect.
Single breach of statutory or prescribed limit, or single
complaint.
3 Localized effect - Limited discharges affecting the
neighborhood and damaging the environment. Repeated
breaches of statutory or prescribed limit, or many complains.

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 Risk Evaluation - Severity
Environmental Effect
4 Major effect - Severe environmental damage. The
company is required to take extensive measures to
restore the damaged environment. Extended
breaches of statutory or prescribed limits, or
widespread nuisance.
5 Massive effect - Persistent severe environmental
damage or severe nuisance extending over a large
area. Loss of commercial, or recreational use or
nature conservancy resulting in major financial
consequences for the Company. Ongoing breaches
well above statutory or prescribed limits.

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 Risk Evaluation - Severity
Impact on reputation
0 Zero effect - No public awareness.
1 Slight impact - Public awareness may exist, but
there is no public concern.
2 Limited impact - some local public concern. Some
local media and/or local political attention with
potentially adverse aspects for company operations.
3 Considerable impact - Regional public concern.
Extensive adverse attention in local media.
Slight national media and/or local/regional political
attention. Adverse stance of local government and/or
action groups.

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 Risk Evaluation - Severity
Impact on Reputation

4 National impact - National public concern. Extensive

adverse attention in the national media.
Effect on Regional/national policies with potentially
restrictive measures and/or impact on grant of
licenses. Mobilization of action groups.
5 International impact - International public attention.
Extensive adverse attention in international media.
National/international policies with potentially severe
impact on access to new areas, grants of licenses
and/or tax legislation.

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 Risk Assessment - Sample
Risk Risk
Person
Before After
By affected
Activities Hazards Control Precautions Control
whom (to be
S L R S L R informed)
F F F F
Competence Only trained and competent personnel to Foreman
Scaffolder /
Level 3 C C3 utilized for the task. All scaffolds to be 1 B B1
Foreman
certified prior to use
Manual Sufficient personnel, “No Bombing” Foreman
1 C C1 1 B B1 Scaffolders
Handling

Scaffold Fall from Scaffolders working above 1.8m must be Foreman/

3 D D3 3 B B3 Scaffolders
Erection / Height 100% tie off. Hand rails to be fitted Scaffolders
Dismantling Collapse of Check ground condition. Use base plate Foreman
4 B B4 2 B B2 Scaffolders
Scaffold & sole plate. Use proper materials
Falls of Barricade area during erection & Foreman Scaffolders /
3 E E3 1 B B1
Materials Dismantling All
Adverse Check scaffolds after adverse weather Foreman
2 C C2 2 B B2 All
weather condition

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 What Is Job Safety Analysis

 It is the breaking down of a particular task into steps

to be taken in a sequence

 Exposing the hazards involved in each of the steps

 Putting in place control measures for each of the

hazards

 Considering the PPE requirement for each step

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 Purpose of JSA
 To improve understanding and safety

 To ensure that there is a written, and approve Work

Method of Statement for every job on site

 For proper control of safety on the job

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 Benefits of JSA

 Supervisors learn more about the jobs their

subordinates perform and how better to manage

them.

 When regularly performed, developed safe work

practices reduced employee injuries.

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 Five Basic Steps

 Select job to be analyzed

 Break job down into it’s smallest steps

 Identify hazard associated with each steps

 Develop control measures to eliminate hazards

 Monitoring and periodic reviews

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 Job Safety Analysis Training

 All new employee should be aware of the various

step involved in their operations.

 Let employees learn how to perform a job efficiently

and safely.

 Supervisors shall clearly explains to his subordinates

all the proper steps in doing the task safe

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 Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Activity Hazard Preventive Measure
Scaffold Erection Bad foundation, TBM before work, Inspection of materials before work
Drainage, material falling, Compacted ground before erection, Work area to be barricaded
unknown purpose for Material used for work on height should be tie off to prevent from falling
erection of scaffold Purpose of erecting scaffold should be known, Kind of work to be done on
scaffold erection, Complete PPE must be worn e.g. hand gloves, safety glass,
safety shoes, hardhat, Body harness

Lifting of Scaffold Injury to personnel, TBM before work regarding handling of materials
material from height Use of gin wheel to hoist material or mechanical equipment
Barricading of lifting area

Dismantling of Falling of scaffold material, TBM regarding responsibility during dismantling,

collapsing of scaffold. Only experience, trained and authorized person can dismantle scaffold
Scaffold
Fall of personnel, Material shall be lowered using rope and bucket or by passing manually
Damage to scaffold Area must be barricaded to keep away all unauthorized persons from the area
material

Erection of Fall of personnel from TBM before start of the job, 100% tie off, using harness with 2 lanyards,
height, Secure all materials for all work at height when there is a rain or wet surface,
suspended
falling of material, Experience scaffolders shall be utilized to erect and dismantle suspended
scaffold Slippery surface, scaffold. Other fall protection equipment shall be utilized e.g. Retractable lanyard,
Inexperience scaffolder Lifeline.
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 Job Safety Analysis Guidelines
• Keep it simple
• Developed (at least in part) by the personnel
performing work
• We believe that JSA should be a thoughtful process
... Not simply a form to complete.
• JSA must be reviewed with all personnel coming on
shift
• OK to use previously developed JSA, but must be
upgraded based on current scope and conditions,
and actively reviewed by the crew
• For jobs that are repetitive, review and upgrade
JSA before starting the work.

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 Job Safety Analysis Guidelines
• When work is already completed, update the JSA to
identify lesson learned and unexpected results
• Update the JSA if an accident or near-miss occurs
• Ask for feedback each day consider new ideas and
include in the JSA form
• Include job setup and demobilization in the JSA
• A JSA should;
 Identify the location of the work to be performed
 Address how the job may affect others
 Address emergency situation
 Identify communication requirements

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 Job Safety Analysis Guidelines
• When work is complete, why not update the Pre-task
Safety Plan to identify learnings and unexpected results
Update the Pre-task Safety Plan if an accident or Near
Miss occurs

• Ask for feedback each day – consider adding a place

for it on the form

• Include job setup and demobilization in the Pre-task

Safety Plan

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 How is it done at your site?

• Is it similar?
• Is it truly different?
• Is it effective? (How do you verify?)
• What are your success stories?
• What are your challenges?

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 Summary
• Few accidents occur during extremely hazardous
operations because we are fully aware of the risk

• Most accidents occur during routine, repetitious jobs

because we become complacent

• Therefore, all supervisors are expected to insure

effective Risk Assessment and JSA are conducted
and all their crews will follow all the provisions in the
form. Supervisor should make sure that pre-task
meeting is conducted before beginning each work.

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