CCNA RSE Chp4
CCNA RSE Chp4
CCNA RSE Chp4
Networks
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4.1 LAN Design
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Converged Networks
Growing Complexity of Networks
Next-generation networks need to
be secure, reliable, and highly
available.
They must support a globalized
workforce.
They must be able to integrate
legacy devices.
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Converged Networks
Elements of a Converged Network
Converged network solutions
integrate voice systems, IP phones,
voice gateways, video support, and
video conferencing.
Primary benefit of the converged
network - just one physical network
to install and manage.
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Converged Networks
Cisco Borderless Networks
The Cisco Borderless Network has the
following features:
• Allows organizations to connect anyone,
anywhere, anytime, on any device;
securely, reliably, and seamlessly.
• Provides the framework to unify wired
and wireless access, including policy,
access control, and performance
management across many different
device types.
• Provides network services, and user and
endpoint services that are all managed
by an integrated management solution.
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Converged Networks
Hierarchy in the Borderless Switched Network
Borderless switched network design
guidelines are based on the following
principles:
• Hierarchical - Facilitates understanding
the role of each device at every tier.
• Modularity - Allows seamless network
expansion and integrated services.
• Resiliency – Provides an always
available network.
• Flexibility - Allows intelligent traffic load
sharing.
The three tiers of the hierarchical model
are Access, Distribution and Core layers.
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Converged Networks
Access, Distribution, and Core Layers
Access Layer – provides network access
to the user.
Distribution Layer - interfaces between
the access layer and the core layer.
Provides functions such as:
• aggregating Layer 2 broadcast domains and
Layer 3 routing boundaries.
• providing intelligent switching, routing, and
network access policy functions to access
the rest of the network.
Core Layer - is the network backbone. It
provides fault isolation and high-speed
backbone connectivity. Smaller networks that do not need a separate
distribution and core layer often use a two-tier campus
or collapsed core network design.
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Switched Networks
Role of Switched Networks
A hierarchical switched LAN allows more
flexibility, traffic management, and
additional features:
• Quality of service
• Additional security
• Support for wireless networking and
connectivity
• Support for new technologies.
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Switched Networks
Form Factors
Stackable Configuration
Fixed Configuration
Considerations when selecting switches:
• Cost
• Port Density
• Power
• Reliability
• Port Speed
• Frame buffers
Modular Configuration • Scalability
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4.2 The Switched
Environment
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Frame Forwarding
Switching as a General Concept in Networking and
Telecommunications
A LAN switch makes decisions based on
two criteria:
• Ingress port - where a frame enters the
device
• Destination address
A LAN switch maintains a table that it uses
to determine how to forward traffic.
In the diagram, If a message enters switch
port 1 with a destination address of EA, then
the switch forwards the traffic out port 4.
Layer 2 Ethernet switches forward frames
based on the destination MAC address.
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Frame Forwarding
Video Demonstration - MAC Address Tables on Connected
Switches
The video explains how a switch builds
its MAC address table by recording the
MAC address of each device connected
to each of its ports.
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Frame Forwarding
Switch Forwarding Methods
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Frame Forwarding
Store-and-Forward Switching
Features of Store-and-Forward
Switching:
• Error Checking– After receiving the
entire frame, the switch compares the
frame-check-sequence (FCS) value in
the last field against its own FCS
calculations. Only error-free frames
are forwarded
• Automatic Buffering– ingress port
buffering provides the flexibility to
support any mix of Ethernet speeds.
Store-and-Forward is Cisco’s
primary LAN switching method.
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Frame Forwarding
Cut-Through Switching
Rapid Frame Forwarding - The switch
can make a forwarding decision as
soon as it has looked up the
destination MAC address.
• Frames with errors are forwarded.
Fragment Free - modified form of cut-
through switching. The switch waits
for the collision window (64 bytes) to
pass before forwarding the frame.
• Provides better error checking than
cut-through, with practically no
increase in latency.
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Switching Domains
Collision Domains
In hub-based Ethernet segments,
network devices compete for the
medium, therefore collisions will
occur.
Ethernet switch ports operating in full
duplex eliminate collisions.
Ethernet switch ports will
autonegotiate full-duplex if connected
to full-duplex device.
If connected to a half-duplex device
then the switch port will operate in half
duplex and be part of a collision
domain.
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Switching Domains
Broadcast Domains One switch or multiple interconnected
switches form a single broadcast
domain.
When a switch receives a broadcast
frame, it forwards the frame out each
of its ports, except the ingress port
where the broadcast frame was
received.
When two switches or more switches
are connected together, the broadcast
domain is increased because the
broadcast is propagated from switch to
switch.
Too many broadcasts can cause
network congestion.
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Switching Domains
Alleviating Network Congestion
The following characteristics of
switches help alleviate congestion:
• Establishing full-duplex links, therefore
eliminating collisions.
• High port density
• Large frame buffers
• Port speed
• Fast internal switching
• Low per-port cost
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4.3 Chapter Summary
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Conclusion
Chapter 4: Switched Networks
Explain how switched networks support small to medium-sized businesses.
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