English 1

Mrs. Ahmed
Agenda-Session 9
 Phrases
 Clauses
 Dependent
 Independent
 Conjunctions
 Coordinating
 Subordinating
 Conjunctional adverb
 Correlative
Phrase
 A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns
or verbs, but it does not have a subject doing a verb.
 leaving behind the dog
 smashing into a fence
 before the first test
 after the devastation
 between ignorance and intelligence
 broken into thousands of pieces
 because of her glittering smile
Clause
 A clause is a group of words containing a subject and
verb
 A clause is a collection of words that has a subject that
is actively doing a verb. The following are examples of
clauses:
 since she laughs at small men
 I despise individuals of low character
 when the saints go marching in
 because she smiled at him
Independent/Main Clause
 If the clause could stand by itself, and form a complete
sentence with punctuation, we call the clause
an independent clause. The following are independent
clauses:

 I despise individuals of low character

 I am feeling well today
 She is hungry.
Dependent/Subordinate Clause
 Dependent clauses have a subject doing a verb, but they
have a subordinate conjunction placed in front of the clause.
That subordinate conjunction means that the clause can't
stand independently by itself and become a complete
sentence.
 Instead, the dependent clause is dependent upon another
clause--it can't make a complete sentence by itself, even
though it has a subject doing a verb.
 Dependent clauses often begin with such words as although,
since, if, when, and because.
 since she laughs at diffident men
 when the saints go marching in
 because she smiled at him
Dependent Independent

Although she is hungry, she will give him some of her

food.

Whatever they decide, I will agree to.

Conjunctions
 A conjunction is a word that connects or joins together
words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
 Also known as a connector
 Part of speech
 Since he was unwell he didn’t come to school
 He was unwell, yet he came to school.
 Coordinating

Correlative Conjunction Subordinating

Conjunctive
adverbs
Coordinate Conjunction
 Connect two equal parts of a sentence
 They connect sentences or clauses which do not depend
upon each other to make sense
 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So
 FANBOYS-comma
1. Would you rather have cheese _____ bologna on your sandwich?
For
Nor
Or
So
Answer: 3. Would you rather have cheese or bologna on your sandwich?
2, His two favorite sports are football ______ tennis.
Or
And
Nor
For
Answer: 2. His two favorite sports are football and tennis.
3. I wanted to go to the beach, _______ Mary refused.
But
Or
So
For
Answer: 1. I wanted to go to the beach, but Mary refused.
4. I am allergic to cats, ______ I have three of them.
Or
For
Yet
So
Answer: 3. I am allergic to cats, yet I have three of them.
5. I am a vegetarian, _______ I don’t eat any meat.
So
Yet
Nor
But
Answer: 1. I am a vegetarian, so I don’t eat any meat.
Subordinate Conjunction
 Connects two unequal parts
 Dependent
 Independent
 Subordinate conjunction always comes before a
dependent clause
 Since he was unwell, he didn’t go to school.
 Even though I was tired I went to school.
Conjunctions of Time
Conjunctions of Contrast
Conjunctions of Contrast
1. _________ the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up.
After
Although
Before
Even if
Answer: 1. After the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up.
2. I don’t want to go to the movies _____________ I hate the smell of popcorn.
Although
Because
Whenever
So that
Answer: 2. I don’t want to go to the movies because I hate the smell of popcorn.
3. I paid Larry, ___________ garden design work is top-notch.
Whenever
Whose
After
If
Answer: 2. I paid Larry, whose garden design work is top-notch.
4. ___________ spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more
snow.
Because
Until
Although
Now that
Answer: 2. Until spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more snow.
5. _____________ the alarm goes off, I hit the snooze button.
As soon as
Because
Before
Now that
Answer: As soon as the alarm goes off, I hit the snooze button.
Correlative Conjunction
 A correlative conjunction is a
coordinating conjunction that pairs up with other
words to connect elements in a sentence. They help
indicate the relationship between elements they connect
in a sentence.
Commonly used Correlative Conjunction

Not only / No sooner

As / as
but also / than

Neither /
Both / and Not / but
nor

Rather / Whether /
Either / or Just as / so
than or

Hardly / Scarcely / What with

If / then
when when / and
Choose the best
1. She is neither polite _______ funny.
Or
Nor
Not
Yet
Answer: B. She is neither polite nor funny.
2. _______ that is the case, _______ I’m not surprised about what’s happening.
If / then
No sooner / than
Scarcely / when
Whether / or
Answer: A. If that is the case, then I’m not surprised about what’s happening.
3. Have you made a decision about _______ to go to the movies _______ not?
If / then
Either / or
Whether / or
What with / and
Answer: C. Have you made a decision about whether to go to the movies or not?
4. _______ had I put my umbrella away, _______ it started
raining.
No sooner / than
If / then
What with / and
Neither / nor
Answer: A. No sooner had I put my umbrella away, than it started
raining.
5. This salad is _______ delicious _______ healthy.
Whether / or
Both / and
Scarcely / when
Rather / than
Answer: B. This salad is both delicious and healthy.
Conjunctive Adverbs
 conjunctive adverbs “fancy joiners,”
 A semicolon before the conjunction adverb and then a
comma
 When an adverb is used as a connector
 They accomplish this task by showing comparison,
contrast, sequence, cause-effect or other relationships
between ideas.
 Main clause; conjunctive adverb, main clause
Conjunctive Adverbs-examples
 The city was unprepared for the big
snowstorm. Consequently, all major highways were closed.
 I’ve finished my work. Finally, I can go home.
 Paul didn’t go to baseball practice yesterday, hence the
missed play.
 Erin finished her science essay; meanwhile, Eric worked on
his math problems.
 The resort doesn’t allow pets; otherwise, we would have
brought our precious puppy with us.
 The chicken was baking in the oven. Meanwhile, I peeled
the potatoes.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Uniquely Accordingly Additionally Again Almost Anyway As a result Besides

Certainly Comparatively Consequently Contrarily Comparatively Consequently Conversely Elsewhere

Equally Eventually Finally Further Furthermore Hence Henceforth However

In addition In comparison In contrast In fact Incidentally Indeed Instead Just as

Likewise Meanwhile Moreover Namely Nevertheless Next Nonetheless Notably

On the other
Now Otherwise Rather Similarly Still Subsequently That is
hand

Then Thereafter Therefore Thus Undoubtedly

Choose the best answer to complete each
sentence
1.You need to put more effort into your work; ________________, you won’t get a passing grade.
Moreover
Otherwise
Unless
Instead
Answer: 2.You need to put more effort into your work; otherwise, you won’t get a passing grade.
2.We wanted to spend the day at the beach; ______________________, it rained so we stayed home.
Moreover
Unless
However
Additionally
Answer: 3. We wanted to spend the day at the beach; however, it rained so we stayed home.
3.She is a very smart girl; __________________, it’s not at all surprising that she gets such good grades.
Again
Besides
Contrarily
Therefore
Answer: 4. She is a very smart girl; therefore, it’s not at all surprising that she gets such good grades
4. Jared is a millionaire; __________________, his brother Jeremy is
always flat broke.
In contrast
Accordingly
Again
Likewise
Answer: 1. Jared is a millionaire; in contrast, his brother Jeremy is
always flat broke.
5. He felt he couldn’t tell the truth about what happened;
___________________, he lied.
In contrast
Likewise
Undoubtedly
Instead
Answer: 4. He felt he couldn’t tell the truth about what
happened; instead, he lied.
Circle The Conjunctive Adverb
Preposition Vs Conjunction
Key difference:.
.

Preposition precedes a
Conjunction is the
noun or a pronoun
connecting word that
while expressing it in
joins two clauses or
relation to the other
sentences together
parts of the clause
Prepositions
Prepositions are used to define a noun or pronoun, in terms of
direction, location, time, etc. Prepositions lend meaning and
purpose to the nouns and pronouns. A preposition, as the name
suggests, is mostly found preceding nouns and pronouns.
For example:
 A car is being driven on the road.
The preposition used in this sentence is on, which is describing
the location of the carA bird is on the tree.
 I am fond of music.
 The man was standing under the tree.
 He runs after money.
 I have to go to London to meet him.
Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that is used to join together sentences,
clauses, phrases, and even words. Conjunctions act as the connecting
link between two entities and help to avoid obscurity, in terms of
meaning of the text.
 I didn’t attend school as I was unwell.
The word as is the conjunction used in the above sentence. It explains
the reason why the person couldn’t attend his/her school.
 Jack and Jill went up the hill.
 The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
 I went swimming although it was cold.
 Call the movers when you are ready.
 After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
 Conjunction
Preposition

Preposition is the
part of speech that Conjunction is the
precedes a noun or connecting word
Meaning a pronoun while that joins two
expressing it in clauses or
relation to the other sentences together.
parts of the clause.

Commonly used
On, in, for, from, it, And, if, but, though,
prepositions/conjun
etc. although, etc.
ctions

Your keys
Your keys are
are on the table
on the
Example of usage and socks
table and socks are
are in the
in the cupboard.
cupboard.