Module 1, Basic Concept

Valves
Basic Concept
Ali Elamin Ali Ahmed

Basic Concept
What is a Valve?
• A valve is a mechanical device, which is reg-ulates
either the flow or the pressure of the fluid.

Basic Concept
• The main functions of valves are:

 Stopping and starting flow.
 Reduce or increase a flow
 Controlling the direction of flow
 Regulating a flow or process pressure
 Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure

Basic Concept
• The Different types of Valves are:

 Gate valve.
 globe valve.
 plug valve.
 Ball valve.
 butterfly valve.
 check valve.
Basic Concept
• The Different types of Valves are:

 diaphragm valve.
 pressure relief valve.
 control Valves
Each of these types has a number of models, with
different features and functional capabilities.

Basic Concept
• Classification of Valves:
valves can classify acceding to their function, service
motion and how they are actuated.
The commonly used valve classifications, based on
mechanical motion.
Basic Concept
• Classification of Valves based on

mechanical motion:
 Linear Motion Valves; moves in a straight line to
allow, stop, or throttle the flow.
 Rotary Motion Valves; travels along an angular or

circular path.
Basic Concept
• Classification of Valves based on

mechanical motion:
 Quarter Turn Valves; Some rotary motion Valves

require approximately a quarter turn, 0 through 90
°
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
The main parts of the most usual type of valve are:
 Valve body.
 Packing
 Disc
 Packing gland/nut
 Seat
Basic Concept
 Bonnet
 Wheel Handle or actuator.
 Stem.
 Valve balls
 Spring
 Trim
Basic Concept
Valve-body; the valve body is the outer casing of
most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts.
The body, the first pressure boundary of a valve, resists
fluid pressure loads from connecting piping. It receives
inlet and outlet piping through threaded, bolted, or welded
joints.
Basic Concept
Valve Bonnet; The cover for the opening in the body
is the bonnet, It is commonly connected to the body
by a threaded, bolted, or welded joint. Many valves
do not have bonnets.

Basic Concept
Disc; The disc is the part which allows, throttles, or
stops flow, depending on its position. In the case of
a plug or a ball valve, the disc is called plug or a ball.
Disk is a pressure related component.

Basic Concept
Seat; The seat or seal rings provide the seating surface
for the disk, seat is the interior surface of the body and
always remains stationary relative to the body.
A valve may have one or more seats.

Basic Concept
Valve Stem; the valve stem provides the necessary
movement to the disc, plug or the ball for opening or
closing the valve, It is connected to the valve hand-
wheel, actuator, or the lever at one end and on the
other side to the valve disc.

Basic Concept
The motion transmitted by the stem may be a linear
or a rotational.
There are four types of valve stems:

 Rising stem with outside screw and yoke.
 Non rising stem with inside screw.
 Sliding stem(this valve stem does not rotate or turn, spindle).
 Rotary stem.
Basic Concept
Valve Trim; The internal elements of a valve are
collectively referred to as a valve's trim, these parts
include valve seat(s), disc, glands, spacers, guides,
bushings, and internal springs.

Basic Concept
Valve's trim performance is determined by the disk
and seat interface.
Trim materials may or may not be the same material
as the valve body or bonnet. Flow-medium properties,
chemical composition, pressure, temperature, flow rate,
velocity and viscosity are some of the important
considerations in selecting suitable trim materials.

Basic Concept
• Valves ratings:
Class Ratings; Pressure-temperature ratings of valves
are designated by class numbers.
According to API, Class - an alphanumeric designation
that is used for reference purposes relating to valve
pressure/temperature capability, taking into account
valve material mechanical properties and valve
dimensional characteristics
Basic Concept
Nominal
• Valves ratings : ANSI Pressure
Valve rating, Class Vs PN Class Rating PN
[#]
150 20
300 50
400 64
600 100
900 150
1500 250
2500 420
Basic Concept
• Valves grades:
Body materials; The l valve user normally specifies the
body material, which is often the same material as the
pipe. The most common choices of body material are
carbon steel, chrome-molybdenum steel and stainless
steel.
Basic Concept
• Valves grades:
WK., WCB and WCA; is a grade of carbon steel.
For each grade WC – stands for "wrought carbon" with
the third letter indicating grade - the higher the grade the
higher the tensile/yield strength.

Basic Concept
Classification of Valves based on
mechanical motion:
VALVE TYPE S LINEAR MOTION ROTARY MOTION QUARTE R TURN
GATE YE S NO NO
GLOBE YE S NO NO
PLUG NO YE S YE S
BALL NO YE S YE S
BUTTE RFLY NO YE S YE S
SWING CHECK NO YE S NO
DIAPHRAGM YE S NO NO
PINCH YE S NO NO
SAFE TY YE S NO NO
RE LIEF YE S NO NO
Basic Concept
• The mode of Operation:

The force required to operate a valve can be carried out
either manually (by hand) or mechanically.
Mechanical attachments (actuators) to a valve are usually
electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically and magnetically
operated.
Basic Concept
• Summary:
On this page number of basic information has been
defined;
 What is the valves.
 What is the valve's function.
 Common types of valves.
 How valves are classified.
 The main component of valve.

Basic Concept
• Summary:
 valves class and rating .

 Valves materials.
 Mode of operations.

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Valves

Ali Elamin Ali Ahmed

• A valve is a mechanical device, which is reg-ulates

either the flow or the pressure of the fluid.

• The main functions of valves are:

 Controlling the direction of flow

 Regulating a flow or process pressure

 Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure

• The Different types of Valves are:

• The Different types of Valves are:

 pressure relief valve.

Each of these types has a number of models, with

different features and functional capabilities.

motion and how they are actuated.

The commonly used valve classifications, based on

• Classification of Valves based on

allow, stop, or throttle the flow.

 Rotary Motion Valves; travels along an angular or

• Classification of Valves based on

 Quarter Turn Valves; Some rotary motion Valves

 Wheel Handle or actuator.

most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts.

The body, the first pressure boundary of a valve, resists

fluid pressure loads from connecting piping. It receives

inlet and outlet piping through threaded, bolted, or welded

is the bonnet, It is commonly connected to the body

by a threaded, bolted, or welded joint. Many valves

do not have bonnets.

stops flow, depending on its position. In the case of

a plug or a ball valve, the disc is called plug or a ball.

Disk is a pressure related component.

Seat; The seat or seal rings provide the seating surface

always remains stationary relative to the body.

A valve may have one or more seats.

Valve Stem; the valve stem provides the necessary

movement to the disc, plug or the ball for opening or

closing the valve, It is connected to the valve hand-

wheel, actuator, or the lever at one end and on the

other side to the valve disc.

There are four types of valve stems:

 Non rising stem with inside screw.

 Sliding stem(this valve stem does not rotate or turn, spindle).

Valve Trim; The internal elements of a valve are

collectively referred to as a valve's trim, these parts

include valve seat(s), disc, glands, spacers, guides,

bushings, and internal springs.

and seat interface.

Trim materials may or may not be the same material

as the valve body or bonnet. Flow-medium properties,

chemical composition, pressure, temperature, flow rate,

velocity and viscosity are some of the important

considerations in selecting suitable trim materials.

are designated by class numbers.

According to API, Class - an alphanumeric designation

that is used for reference purposes relating to valve

pressure/temperature capability, taking into account

valve material mechanical properties and valve

body material, which is often the same material as the

pipe. The most common choices of body material are

carbon steel, chrome-molybdenum steel and stainless