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Lecture9 10

The document discusses knowledge representation using semantic networks and conceptual graphs. It explains that semantic networks use graphs to represent relationships between concepts, with different types of links to indicate subset, member, or other relations. Conceptual graphs also use a graph structure, with concept nodes and conceptual relationship nodes to represent relations between multiple concepts. Both approaches provide a graphical way to represent knowledge that is easier for humans and machines to understand compared to logical representations.

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93 views18 pages

Lecture9 10

The document discusses knowledge representation using semantic networks and conceptual graphs. It explains that semantic networks use graphs to represent relationships between concepts, with different types of links to indicate subset, member, or other relations. Conceptual graphs also use a graph structure, with concept nodes and conceptual relationship nodes to represent relations between multiple concepts. Both approaches provide a graphical way to represent knowledge that is easier for humans and machines to understand compared to logical representations.

Uploaded by

Shugal On Hai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge Representation

KFUEIT, RYK
Consider the following set of
statements prove that Marcus is dead

1. Marcus was a man


2. Marcus was a Pompeian
3. Marcus was born in 40 A.D.
4. All men are mortal
5. All Pompeians died when volcano erupted in
79 A.D.
6. No mortal lies longer than 150 years
7. It is now 1991 A.D.
Solution 1

1 Marcus was a man axiom 1


4 All men are mortal axiom 4
8 Marcus is mortal 1,4
3 Marcus was born in 40 A.D. axiom 3
7 It is now 1991 A.D. axiom 7
9 Marcus’ age is 1951 years 3,7
6 No mortal lives longer than 150 years axiom 6
10 Marcus is dead 8,6,9
Solution 2

7 It is now 1991 A.D. Axiom 7


5 All Pompeians died in 79 A.D. Axiom 5
11 All Pompeians are dead now 7,5
2 Marcus was a Pompeian axiom 2
12 Marcus is dead 11,2
Graphical Representation

 Humans draw diagrams all the time, e.g.


– Causal relationships
Graphical Representation

 Graphs easy to store in a computer


 To be of any use must impose a formalism

– Jason is 15, Bryan is 40, Arthur is 70, Jim is 74


– How old is Julia?
Semantic networks

 Because the syntax is the same


– We can guess that Julia’s age is similar to Bryan’s
Semantic Network
Semantic Networks

 Graphical representation (a graph)


– Links indicate subset, member, relation, ...
 Equivalent to logical statements (usually FOL)
– Easier to understand than FOL?
– Specialised SN reasoning algorithms can be faster
 Example: natural language understanding
– Sentences with same meaning have same graphs
interpret the prop relation in terms of a
graph
prop(comp_2347 , owned_by , fran).
prop(comp_2347 , managed_by , sam).
prop(comp_2347 , model , lemon_laptop_10000).
prop(comp_2347 , brand , lemon_computer).
prop(comp_2347 , has_logo , lemon_disc).
prop(comp_2347 , color , green).
prop(comp_2347 , color , yellow).
prop(comp_2347 , weight , light).
prop(fran , has_office , r107).
prop(r107 , in_building , comp_sci).
Interpretation

 The network also shows how the knowledge is


structured.
 For example, it is easy to see that,
Computer number 2347 is owned by someone
(Fran) whose office (r107) is in
the comp_sci building.
The direct indexing evident in the graph can be
used by humans and machines.
Types of Relationship in Semantic
networks

 There are many types of relationships that can


be used in semantic networks. The following
are four of them.
– “is a”
– “is an instance of”
– “is a part of”
– “has”
 The “is-a” relationship between class and
superclass (Figure 1)

The “is an instance of“ relationship between


instance and class (Figure 2);
 The “is a part of“ relationship between part and
whole (Figure 3);

 The “has” relationship between object and


attribute (Figure 4).
Conceptual Graphs

 There are two kinds of nodes that can be used


in conceptual graph
– “concept”
– “conceptual relationship”

– Conceptual graph arcs


 No arc between two concepts or conceptual relationship
Conceptual Graphs
 Concept nodes can be
– Concrete (visualisable) such as restaurant, name
– Abstract (not easily visualisable) such as anger
 Edges do not have labels
– Instead, conceptual relation nodes
– Easy to represent relations between multiple objects
Semantic v/s Conceptual

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