Binary Logic and Gates

COE 202
Digital Logic Design
Dr. Aiman El-Maleh

College of Computer Sciences and Engineering

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 Introduction
 Our objective is to learn how to design digital circuits.
 These circuits use binary systems.
 Signals in such binary systems may represent only one of 2 possible
values 0 or 1.
 Physically, these signals are electrical voltage signals
 These signals may assume either a high or a Low voltage value.
 The High voltage value typically equals the voltage of the power
supply (e.g. 5 volts or 3.3 volts), and the Low voltage value is
typically 0 volts (or Ground).
 When a signal is at the High voltage value, we say that the signal
has a Logic 1 value.
 When a signal is at the Low voltage value, we say that the signal
has a Logic 0 value.

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 Digital Circuits
 The physical value of a signal is the actual voltage value
it carries, while its Logic value is either 1 (High) or 0
(Low).
 Digital circuits process (or manipulate) input binary
signals and produce the required output binary signals.

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 Digital Circuits
 Generally, the circuit will have a number of input signals
(say n of them) as x1, x2, up to xn, and a number of
output signals (say m ) Z1, Z2, up to Zm.
 The value assumed by the ith output signal Zi depends
on the values of the input signals x1, x2, up to xn.
 In other words, we can say that Zi is a function of the n
input signals x1, x2, up to xn. Or we can write:
Zi = Fi (x1, x2, ……, xn ) for i = 1, 2, 3, ….m
 The m output functions (Fi) are functions of binary
signals and each produces a single binary output signal.
 Thus, these functions are binary functions and require
binary logic algebra for their derivation and manipulation.
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 Boolean Algebra
 This binary system algebra is commonly referred to as
Boolean Algebra after the mathematician George Boole.
 The functions are known as Boolean functions while the
binary signals are represented by Boolean variables.
 To be able to design a digital circuit, we must learn how
to derive the Boolean function implemented by this
circuit.
 Systems manipulating Binary Logic Signals are
commonly referred to as Binary Logic systems.
 Digital circuits implementing a particular Binary
(Boolean) function are commonly known as Logic
Circuits.
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 Boolean Algebra

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 Elements of Boolean Algebra (Binary Logic)
 As in standard algebra, Boolean algebra has 3 main
elements:
 1. Constants,
 2. Variables, and
 3. Operators.
 Logically
 Constant Values are either 0 or 1
 Binary Variables ∈{ 0, 1}
 3 Possible Operators: The AND operator, the OR operator, and
the NOT operator.

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 Elements of Boolean Algebra (Binary Logic)
 Physically
 Constants ⇒
 Power Supply Voltage (Logic 1)
 Ground Voltage (Logic 0)
 Variables ⇒ Signals (High = 1, Low = 0)
 Operators ⇒ Electronic Devices (Logic Gates)
 1. AND - Gate
 2. OR - Gate
 3. NOT - Gate (Inverter)

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 Logic Gates & Logic Operations
The AND Operation
 If X and Y are two binary
variables, the result of the
operation X AND Y is 1 if and
only if both X = 1 and Y = 1, and
is 0 otherwise.
 In Boolean expressions, the
AND operation is represented
either by a “dot” or by the
absence of an operator. Thus, X
AND Y is written as X.Y or just
XY.

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 Logic Gates & Logic Operations
The AND Operation
 The electronic device which performs the AND operation
is called the AND gate.
 Symbols of 2-input and 3-input AND gates:

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 Logic Gates & Logic Operations
The OR Operation
 If X and Y are two binary variables,
the result of the operation X AND Y
is 1 if and only if either X = 1 or Y =
1, and is 0 otherwise.
 In Boolean expressions, the AND
operation is represented either by
a “plus” sign. Thus, X OR Y is
written as X + Y.
 The electronic device which
performs the OR operation is
called the OR gate.
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 Logic Gates & Logic Operations
The NOT Operation
 NOT is a “unary” operator.
 IF Z=NOT X, then the value of Z is the
complement of the value of X. If X = 0
then Z = 1, and if X = 1 then Z =0.
 In Boolean expressions, the NOT
operation is represented by either a bar
on top of the variable (e.g. Z= ) or a
prime (e.g. Z = X' ).
 The electronic device which performs
the NOT operation is called the NOT
gate, or simply INVERTER.
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 Logic Circuits and Boolean Expressions
 A Boolean expression (or a Boolean function) is a
combination of Boolean variables, AND-operators, OR-
operators, and NOT operators.
 Boolean Expressions (Functions) are fully defined by
their truth tables.
 Each Boolean function (expression) can be implemented
by a digital logic circuit which consists of logic gates.
 Variables of the function correspond to signals in the logic
circuit,
 Operators of the function are converted into corresponding logic
gates in the logic circuit.

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 Logic Circuits and Boolean Expressions
 Example: Consider the function
 Logic circuit diagram of :

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 Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra
 AND Identities:
 0.X=0
 1.X=X
 X.X=X
 =0

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 Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra
 OR Identities:
 1+X=1
 0+X=X
 X+X=X
 =1

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 Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra
 AND Identities

 OR Identities

 Another Important Identity

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 Duality Principle
 Given a Boolean expression,
its dual is obtained by
 replacing each 1 with a 0, each 0
with a 1,
 each AND (.) with an OR (+), and
each OR (+) with an AND(.).
 The dual of an identity is also
an identity. This is known as
the duality principle.
 It can be easily shown that the
AND basic identities and the
OR basic identities are duals.

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 Operator Precedence
 Given the Boolean expression X.Y + W.Z the order of
applying the operators will affect the final value of the
expression.

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 Operator Precedence
 For Boolean Algebra, the precedence rules for various
operators are given below, in a decreasing order of
priority:

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 Properties of Boolean Algebra

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 Properties of Boolean Algebra
 Properties of Boolean Algebra can be easily proved
using truth tables.
 The only difference between the dual of an expression
and the complement of that expression is that
 in the dual variables are not complemented while in the
complement expression, all variables are complemented.
 Using the Boolean Algebra properties, complex Boolean
expressions can be manipulated into a simpler forms
resulting in simpler logic circuit implementations.
 Simpler expressions are generally implemented by
simpler logic circuits which are both faster and less
expensive.
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 Algebraic Manipulation
 The objective here is to acquire some skills in
manipulating Boolean expressions into simpler forms for
more efficient implementations.
 Properties of Boolean algebra will be utilized for this
purpose.
 Example: Prove that X + XY = X
 Proof: X + XY = X.1 + XY =X.(1 + Y) = X.1 = X
 Example: Prove that X + X`Y= X + Y
 Proof: X + X`Y= (X+ X`) (X + Y)= 1.(X + Y)= X + Y
 OR X + X`Y= X.1 + X`Y= X.(1+Y) + X`Y= X + XY + X`Y=
X + (XY +X`Y)= X + Y(X +X`)= X + Y
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 Algebraic Manipulation
 Example: Consensus Theorem
XY + X`Z + YZ = XY + X`Z

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Properties, Postulates & Theorems of
Boolean Algebra

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 Algebraic Manipulation
 Example: Simplify the function

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 Algebraic Manipulation

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 Algebraic Manipulation
 Example: Simplify the function

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