Semester - V

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SXCCE
 UNIT I STEAM NOZZLE 9
• Types and Shapes of nozzles,
• Flow of steam through nozzles,
• Critical pressure ratio,
• Variation of mass flow rate with pressure ratio.
• Effect of friction.
• Metastable flow.
 UNIT II BOILERS 9
• Types and comparison.
• Mountings and Accessories.
• Fuels - Solid, Liquid and Gas.
• Performance calculations,
• Boiler trial.
 UNIT III STEAM TURBINES 9
• Types,
• Impulse and reaction principles,
• Velocity diagrams,
• Work done and efficiency – optimal operating
conditions.
• Multi-staging,
• compounding and governing.
 UNITIV
 COGENERATION AND RESIDUAL HEAT
RECOVERY 9
• Cogeneration Principles,
• Cycle Analysis,
• Applications,
• Source and utilisation of residual heat.
• Heat pipes, Heat pumps,
• Recuperative and Regenerative heat exchangers.
• Economic Aspects.
 UNIT V
 REFRIGERATION AND AIR –
CONDITIONING 9
• Vapour compression refrigeration cycle,
• Effect of Superheat and Sub-cooling,
• Performance calculations,
• Working principle of air cycle,
• vapour absorption system, and
• Thermoelectric refrigeration.
• Air conditioning systems, concept of RSHF, GSHF and
ESHF,
• Cooling load calculations.
• Cooling towers – concept and types.
1. To impart the knowledge about the steam
nozzle.
2. To understand the working principle of the
components and the performance of the boiler.
3. To understand and apply the principles in the
performance evaluation of steam Turbines.
4. To understand the concept of utilising residual
heat in thermal systems.
5. To learn the principles of Refrigeration & Air
Conditioning and evaluation of cooling load for
various systems.
1) Classify and design steam nozzle.
2) Relate the functioning and features of
different types of Boilers auxiliaries and
calculate performance parameters.
3) Compare the types of steam turbines and
calculate the performance.
4) Summarize the concept of Cogeneration,
Working features of Heat pumps and Heat
exchangers
5) Explain and solve problems on
refrigeration, air-conditioning and
psychometric processes.
 Apply the knowledge
 Identify, formulate, research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
 Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or
processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health
and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
 Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis
and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
 Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
 Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
1. Have a successful career in mechanical
engineering and allied fields.
2. Have expertise in the areas of design, thermal,
materials, manufacturing and industrial
engineering.
3. Contribute towards technological development
through academic research and industrial
practices.
4. Practicing their profession with good
communication, leadership, ethics and social
responsibility.
5. Adapt the evolving technologies through
lifelong learning.
1. Ability to design, analyze and evaluate
mechanical components.
2. Ability to design and evaluate the
performance of thermal systems and turbo
machineries.
3. Ability to plan, design and execute
processes to manufacture various
components and systems with quality
assurance.
4. Ability to apply modern management
techniques with a concern for environment
upholding ethical values.
 Nozzle is a devise with varying cross-
section, which increase the velocity of the
fluid in the expense of pressure and
internal energy.
 Types of Nozzle
• Convergent Nozzle
• Divergent Nozzle
• Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
 The expansion of steam through the
nozzle is isentropic.
 Due to friction, the enthalpy drop is less
in actual than the isentropic enthalpy
drop.
 The coefficient of nozzle (or) nozzle
efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual
heat drop to the isentropic heat drop.
 Steam flow through the nozzle is adiabatic.
• Heat is neither supplied nor rejected.
 Steam passes through the nozzle it looses its
pressure and heat.
 Work is performed by increasing kinetic
energy.
 The work done is equal to the adiabatic heat
drop, which is equal to the Rankine area.
 Work done inside the nozzle is zero.
C - Velocity of steam.
 h1 - enthalpy of steam entering the
nozzle.
 h2 - Enthalpy of steam leaving the
nozzle.
 hd - Heat drop during expansion of
the steam. (h1-h2).
 There is a loss due to friction varies from
10 to 15%.
 Due to this total heat drop is minimized.
 Heat drop after deducting friction loss is
khd.
 p1 - Initial pressure of steam.
 p2 - steam pressure at throat.
 v1 - initial volume of 1kg steam at
pressure p1.
 v2 - volume of 1 kg steam at pressure
p2.
A - Area of cross-section at throat.
C - Velocity of steam.
 Steam flow through the nozzle follows
isentropic process,
pvn = Constant
 n= 1.135 for saturated steam.
 n= 1.3 for superheated steam.
 n= 1.035+0.1x for wet steam.
 Gain in kinetic energy = Adiabatic heat
drop.
 Adiabatic heat drop = work done during
rankine cycle.
1. At critical pressure ratio, the velocity of
steam at throat is the velocity of sound.
2. Flow in the convergent section is sub-
sonic and in the divergent portion is
super sonic.
3. To increase the velocity of steam above
sonic velocity below critical pressure,
the divergent portion is necessary.
 The density of the supersaturated steam
will be more.
 Increase in mass of steam discharged.
 It increase the entropy and specific
volume of steam.
 Reduce heat drop, thus reducing the
velocity
 Increase dryness fraction of steam.