METAMORPHISM

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BACKGROUND CHECK!

WHAT IS METAMORPHISM?
• Metamorphism is the process by which the structure and
mineral content of rocks transform in response to changes in
temperature, pressure, fluid content(gas or liquid), or a
combination of these.

• Because the minerals that make up rocks are stable only


within certain ranges of temperature and pressure, large
changes in this these condition cause mineral to change
chemically or to change shape, or both.
• Metamorphism produce characteristic textures in metamorphic
rocks, the type of rock that have undergone metamorphism, such
as alignment of elongate crystals or differentiation of different
minerals into layers.

• Distinctive minerals and textures are keys to distinguishing rocks


that have experienced metamorphism from unmetamorphosed
sedimentary and igneous rocks.
WHAT ARE THE PRECURSOR OF
METAMORPHISM?
Protoliths:
The precursor of a metamorphic rock is the protolith of
a metamorphic rock, or original rock before metamorphism.
Because metamorphism is predominantly isochemical, chemical analysis of
a metamorphic rock yields clues as to its protolith.
The process of rock metamorphism changes the mineralogical and
chemical composition, as well as the structure of rocks. Metamorphism is
typically associated with elevated temperature and pressure; thus it
affects rocks within the earth's crust and mantle. The process is driven
by changing physical and/ or chemical conditions in response to large-
scale geological dynamics. Consequently, it is inherent in the term, that
metamorphism is always related to a precursor state where the rocks
had other mineralogical and structural attributes
WHY IS HEAT THE MOST IMPORTANT AGENT
OF METAMORPHISM?
The most important agent of metamorphism is heat because it provides
the energy to drive the chemical changes that result in the
recrystallization of minerals. Heat my derived from intrusion of molten
material rising from below. The effects of this contact metamorphism
are most apparent when it occurs at or near the surface where the
temperature contrast between the magma and the host rock is most
pronounced.
Regional
Metamorphism
WHAT IS REGIONAL METAMORPHISM?
• Regional metamorphism occurs when rocks
are buried deep in the crust. This is
commonly associated with convergent plate
boundaries and the formation of mountain
ranges.
• Because burial to 10km to 20km is required,
the areas affected tend to be large.
• Most regional metamorphism takes place within continental crust.
While rocks can be metamorphosed at depth in most areas, the
potential for metamorphism is greatest in the roots of mountain
ranges where there is strong likelihood for burial of relatively
young sedimentary rock to great depths.

• A great example would be the Himalayan Range.


TYPES OF REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
• Burial Metamorphism
-Burial Metamorphism mostly affects sedimentary strata in
sedimentary basins as a result of compaction due to burial of
sediments by overlying sediments.
-Burial metamorphism of sedimentary rocks is only loosely
related to orogenic processes at plate boundaries
("anorogenic") and may also occur in plate interiors.
• Ocean-ridge Metamorphism
-Ocean-ridge metamorphism takes place at mid-oceanic ridges in
response to sea floor spreading. The plate tectonic setting is
therefore characterized by a divergent plate boundary regime. This
metamorphism is attributed to the high heat flow and intense fluid
circulation that occurs along oceanic ridges.
• Orogenic Metamorphism
-Orogenic metamorphism is the most common type of metamorphism.
It commonly occurs in island arcs and near continental margins because
orogenic belts typically form at convergent plates boundaries.
METAMORPHIC TEXTURE
Textures of metamorphic
rocks fall into two broad groups,
FOLIATED and NON-FOLIATED.
Foliation is produced in a rock
by the parallel alignment of
platy minerals
• Shale
-Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from
the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles that
we commonly call "mud." This composition
places shale in a category of sedimentary rocks known as
"mudstones." Shale is distinguished from other mudstones
because it is fissile and laminated.
• Slate
-Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous
metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type
sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through
low-grade regional metamorphism. It is the finest grained
foliated metamorphic rock
• Schist
-Schist is a coarse-grained metamorphic
rock which consists of layers of different
minerals and can be split into thin
irregular plates
• Gneiss
-Gneiss is a high grade metamorphic rock,
meaning that it has been subjected to higher
temperatures and pressures than schist. It is
formed by the metamorphosis of granite, or
sedimentary rock.
• Migmatite
-Migmatite, in geology, rock composed of a
metamorphic (altered) host material that is
streaked or veined with granite rock; the
name means “mixed rock.” Such rocks are
usually gneissic (banded) and felsic rather
than mafic in composition; they may occur
on a regional scale in areas of high-grade
metamorphism
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DYNAMIC AND REGIONAL
METAMORPHISM?
Dynamic vs. Regional Metamorphism
DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
• Dynamic Metamorphism occurs on • Regional Metamorphism occurs over a
narrow zones or fault line. much larger area.
• Dynamic Metamorphism occurs as • Regional Metamorphism stress usually
a result of mechanical from tectonic forces that produce
deformation, like when two compressional stresses in the rock,
bodies of rock slide past one such as when two continental masses
another along a fault line collide.
Dynamic
Metamorphism

Regional
Metamorphism
WHAT IS OROGENY?
An orogeny is an event that leads to both structural
deformation and compositional differentiation of the
Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) at
convergent plate margins.
An orogen or orogenic belt develops when a continental plate
crumples and is pushed upwards to form one or more mountain
ranges; this involves a series of geological processes collectively
called orogenesis.
The formation of an orogen can be accomplished by the tectonic processes
such as oceanic subduction (where a continent rides forcefully over
an oceanic plate for accretionary orogeny) or continental
subduction convergence of two or more continents for collisional orogeny).
Orogeny usually produces long arcuate (from the Latin arcuare, "to bend
like a bow") structures, known as orogenic belts. Generally, orogenic belts
consist of long parallel strips of rock exhibiting similar characteristics along
the length of the belt.
Although orogenic belts are associated with subduction zones,
subduction tectonism may be ongoing or past processes. The subducting
tectonism would consume crust, thicken lithosphere, produce earthquake
and volcanoes, and build island arcs in many cases. Geologists attribute
the arcuate structure to the rigidity of the descending plate, and island
arc cusps relate to tears in the descending lithosphere. These island
arcs may be added to a continental margin during an accretionary
orogeny. On the other hand, subduction zones may be reworked at a
later time due to lithospheric rifting, leading to amphibolite to
granulite facies metamorphism of the thinned orogenic crust.
DATS OL TANK U!!
BY: Erichmae Terez
James Montealto
Aura Manjuyod
Carl De Guzman
Luiz Dimasuhid

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