Planning to Organize Data and

Information

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Data Gathering and Analysis
Techniques
There are several techniques for collecting
data:
Interviews
Questionnaires
Observation

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Interviews
Interview is a meeting between system analyst and
interviewee
System analyst poses questions and expect responses
from the interviewee (employee for example)
The purpose is to understand current system problems
and requirements for the new system
There are two types of interviews:
 Structured
Questions are written and specified in advance
 Unstructured
Questions are not pre-specified and the questions
depend on the interviewer experience in posing the right
questions that uncover hidden problems

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Questionnaires
When data is needed from several people spread over a
wide geographic area questionnaires is better used

Questionnaires are a set of written questions designed to

gather information from individuals

Questionnaires are used to help participants to answer

questions and give their opinions freely because the
results of questionnaires are anonymous

Sometimes they may not result in quality and useful

data because
 Participant fail to complete questionnaires
 Participants may provide incomplete or inaccurate
answers
Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
 Observation
It is another way for understanding existing
system or how employees conduct business
This method lack efficiency because it takes long
time to get the required information
This method is useful to uncover hidden
problems and how employees deal with
exceptions

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Data Analysis
After data collection, data are manipulated to
uncover existing problems and identify new
system requirements

During analysis, data flow diagram (DFD) and

entity relationship diagram (ERD) are used to
represent the flow of data and the relationship of
different organization entities

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Data Flow Diagram
Data flow diagram models objects, associations, activities
by describing how data can flow between and around
various objects
It consists of:
 Data Flow: arrows that
show the direction of data
 Entity: source issue data
or destination that receive
data
 Process: function that
transform input into
output
 Data store: represents the
location in which data will be stored

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Entity Relationship Diagram
It is a graphical representation of entities that
organization needs to keep information about
them and the relationships to each other

Each entity contains

a set of attributes that
describe that entity

Employee is an
example of entity and
name is example of
attribute
Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Planning for Data Model
After gathering data and building ERD the next
step is to store the collected data in database.
Before designing and building the database, the
database designer should first decide on the data
model to be used.
There are three models for designing the
database:
1- Hierarchical model
2- Network model
3- Relational model
Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Hierarchical Model
It is a tree-like or parent-child structure
In this model data is organized in a top-down
structure and best suited to represent “one to
many” relationship
Root Institute

First Departmen Departmen Departmen

Child tA tB tC

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Network Model
It is an expansion of hierarchical model in which
“many to many” relationship can be represented
A father may have many children and the child
may have many parents

Course 1 Course 2

Student1 Student2 Student3 Student 4

The main advantage of both hierarchical and

network models is processing efficiency
Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
 Problems of Hierarchical and
Network Models
Complications of maintenance and operations
They are programming intensive, time
consuming, difficult to install and maintain if
design problems occurred
They don’t support ad hoc , English language-like
inquiries for information
All access paths, directories and indices must be
specified in advance

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Relational Model
The relational model, the most commonly used, is
logical database model that stores data in two
dimensional tables called relations.
Data in one table can be related to data in another
table as long as they share common fields.
Each table consists of rows and columns or tuple
and fields
Columns or fields

Supplier table Supplier Number Supplier Name Supplier Phone

Rows
2013 Bryan Corp. 005623412 or
1145 Thomson Inc. 00564538 tuples

Product table Product Number Product Description Unit Price Supplier Number
122 Laptop 5000 2013
134 Printer 2000 1145
666 Scanner 1000 1145
Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Operations in Relational Model
Three basic operations can be used to extract useful
information: select, join and project.
Select operation retrieves rows meeting certain
criteria. The criteria could be for example retrieving
product data with unit price greater than 1000.
The project operation retrieves certain fields or
column from the table. For example we need to
extract only the supplier name and phone from
supplier table.
The join operation relates two tables as long as they
share common fields.

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Advantages of Relational Model
Great flexibility in regard to ad hoc queries, ability to
use English like language for database inquiry
Power to combine data from different sources,
simplicity of design and maintenance
Application independence which enable database
designer to add, delete or change fields and add or
modify records without affecting existing programs or
applications.
Main disadvantage that these systems are
somehow slower and close attention is kept about
maintenance in order to avoid loss of integrity

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Planning for Database
Management system
Database management system (DBMS) is special software
used to create, store, manipulate and maintain data in
databases. It acts like an interface between database and
users.
DBMS accepts requests from user and send them to
database and return result back from database to the user

Send user request

Response to user
request Database
Database
Management System
Response to user
request

Send user request

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 DBMS Functions

Data storage, retrieval and update

Authorization Services
Recovery Services
Concurrency Control

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 DBMS Languages

Data Definition Language: Data definition language is

a collection of instructions used to define and describe
tables, attributes and relations among tables in a database.
Data Dictionary: contains a detail description about data
in database. It is called data about data
Data manipulation Language: Language employed by end
users and programmers to manipulate data in databases.
The most prominent data manipulation language today is
structured query language (SQL)

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Factors Affecting the Selection of
DBMS
Database size
Number of concurrent users
Cost
Vendor

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 E-Commerce Categorization

E-commerce is conducting business activities

over computer networks like Internet or extranet

There is no universal agreement on how to

categorize e-commerce business models

One approach is to categorize business models

according to the different e-commerce sectors—
B2C, B2B, C2C—in which they are utilized.

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 B2C Business Model
It is the most well known and familiar type of e-
commerce in which online businesses seeks to
reach individual customers and customers deal
directly with businesses avoiding any
intermediaries.
The major business models used in B2C are:
1- Portal
2- E-Tailer
3- Service Provider
4- Market Creator

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 B2B Business Models
B2B e-commerce is a form of e-commerce in
which participants are organizations and sell to
other businesses.
It is a useful tool for connecting business partners
in a virtual supply chain to cut costs and time
The major business models used in B2B are:
1- E-distributor
2- E-procurement
3- Exchanges

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Agenda
Data gathering and analysis techniques
Planning for data model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Planning for database management system
 Planning to develop E-commerce model
 B2C business model
 B2B business model
 Other business models in emerging E-commerce
markets

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

 Other Business Models in
Emerging E-Commerce
Consumer to Consumer (C2C) business model: It is a form
of e-commerce in which consumers are connected directly
to consumers to conduct sales.
Peer to peer business model: It is a technology enabling
consumers to share files and services on the web without
common servers.
M-commerce business model: M-commerce stands for
mobile commerce which utilizes traditional e-commerce
models and takes advantage of new wireless technology to
permit mobile access to the web and shop online or make
online sale through mobile phones

Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe