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EPC Nov24

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31 views24 pages

EPC Nov24

Uploaded by

Rohan Pawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wet Scrubbers

• Rain: Natural wet scrubber


• Different types of liquid scrubbing
equipment
• Spray towers (dp : 5 – 10 µm)
• Centrifugal scrubbers
• Packed beds / plate columns
• Venturi scrubbers (< 3 µm)

• Equipment should provide contact between


particles and liquid (water)
• Collection Mechanisms: inertial impaction,
interception (dp > 0.3 µm) /
diffusion (dp < 0.3 µm)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Scrubbers
Many types of particulate wet scrubbers can provide high efficiency control of particulate
matter.
• One of the main advantages of particulate wet scrubbers is that they are often able to
simultaneously collect particulate matter and gaseous pollutants.
• Also, wet scrubbers can often be used on sources that have potentially explosive gases or
particulate matter.
• They are compact and can often be retrofitted into existing plants with very limited space.

• One of the main disadvantages of particulate wet scrubbers is that they require make-up
water to replace the water vaporized into the gas stream and lost to purge liquid and sludge
removed from the scrubber system.
• Wet scrubbers generate a waste stream that must be treated properly.

Disposal of liquid slurry : Air pollution water pollution : Added cost for water pollution control
Spray Towers
Water droplets introduced by spray nozzles at the top
Polluted gas flows upward and particle collection
results because of inertial impaction and interception on
droplets

Efficiency of spray tower is function of


droplet size, flow velocity of the gas, liquid-gas
ratio, droplet trajectories

For different droplet sizes, the maximum efficiency occurs


for droplets with diameter 800 µm.
Thus a nozzle producing droplet size just below 1 mm is
satisfactory

Velocity of gas : 0.6 – 1.2 m/s


Liquid-gas ratio : 3.5 – 4.0 L/m3

Efficiency of spray towers: 94% for dp ~ 5 µm,


99% for dp ~ 25 µm
Spray Tower:
Overall Collection efficiency (Ƞ )
𝜂 = 1 − 1 − 𝜂𝑑 𝑛

Where, Ƞd = individual drop collection efficiency


n = number of collecting droplets encountered
by a group of particles
1.5𝑚𝑠 𝐿 1 1
𝑛= +
𝜌𝐿 𝑑 𝑄 𝐴𝑆𝐶 𝑣𝑡𝑑 − 𝑣𝑝
ms = mass flow rate of spray liquid
L = height of spray tower
d = average droplet size
Q = volumetric flow rate of gas
ρL = spray liquid density
Asc= tower cross-sectional area
vtd = terminal free falling velocity of the droplet
vp = particle velocity ( same as gas velocity)
Centrifugal Scrubbers:
• Efficient for smaller particles (dp(particles) ~ 2-3 µm; dp(droplets~ 100
µm))
• Simplest types: inserting nozzles in a conventional cyclone separator
• Polluted gas stream is introduced tangentially into the lower portion of
the vertical cylinder
• Water droplets are injected into the flow stream from sprays directed
outward from a central manifold.
• These droplets are caught in the spinning gas stream and are thrown
upward towards the wall by centrifugal force.
• During their motion, the droplets collide with the particles and capture
them.
• The scrubbing liquid along with the particles flows down the wall to
the bottom of the scrubber.
• The clean gas exists through a demister and is processed for the
removal of any entrained water droplets.
• For centrifugal field of 100g, the most effective droplet size is 100 µm.
Packed Beds / Plate columns:

• Packed tower: when particulates are soluble in scrubbing


liquid to avoid plugging problem
• polluted gas stream moves upward while the scrubbing
liquid moves downward as a film over the packing
Impingement baffle plate scrubber: The
gas stream is passed through a flooded
perforated plate for scrubbing. The
impingement baffles are situated directly
above each perforation on to which the
gas jet is impinged, the particles are
collected by inertial impaction,
Venturi Scrubbers
• High performance for collection of fine particles (dp < 2-3 µm upto 0.5 µm )
• Suitable for sticky/ flammable/highly corrosive particles
• Gas stream velocities ~ 60-120 m/s
• The high speed action atomises the feed liquid through the low pressure spray
nozzles
• Particles are impacted against slow moving droplets and get separated from the
gas stream
• Venturi is connected to a cyclone separator where the droplets carrying particles
get separated
𝜂𝑆𝐶 = 1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝐾𝐿 𝜓

K = factor dependent upon throat geometry


L = liquid flow rate (gal/1000 ft3 of gas)
ψ = impaction parameter
𝐶 𝜌𝑃 − 𝜌𝑔 𝑑𝑃2 𝑣𝑟
𝜓=
18𝜇𝑔 𝑑0
2𝜆 0.55𝑑𝑃
C=1+ 1.257 + 0.4exp
𝑑𝑝 𝜆
d0 = droplet diameter
vr = relative velocity of gas to liquid (ft/sec)

16,400
𝑑0 = + 1.45𝐿1.5
𝑣𝑟
d0 = droplet diameter (µm)
Pressure drop through venture scrubber
∆𝑃 = 5 × 10−5 𝑣𝑟2 𝐿
∆P = pressure drop in inches of
water
Selection of a Particulate Collector
Control of gaseous pollutants
• Absorption by liquids: transfer of pollutants from gas phase to liquid
phase across the gas-liquid interface due to concentration gradient.
• Henry’s Law: equilibrium gas solubility
Suitable solvents for various gaseous
pollutants
Types of Equipment
• Packed towers
• Plate/Tray towers
• Spray towers
• Venturi scrubbers
Packed tower design:
• Data required:
• Gas stream flowrate, inlet concentration of pollutant
• Outlet concentration required
• Scrubbing liquid flowrate
• Packing type
• Gas solubility data / equilibrium data

• Design parameters: Tower diameter , height

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