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    Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology Course # KIBGE-707: Afsheen Aman, PH.D

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    Ziwaqar
    This document provides an overview of biofuels and biodiesel. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from biomass through biological processes, and biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from waste vegetable oils through transesterification. The document discusses ethanol and butanol as common biofuels, produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from various feedstocks. It also outlines the advantages of biofuels over fossil fuels in being renewable, reducing emissions, and non-toxic. The document concludes with recent news items about increased biofuel blending requirements in Spain and Boeing's investments in aviation biofuel research in China.

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    Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology Course # KIBGE-707: Afsheen Aman, PH.D

    Uploaded by

    Ziwaqar
    59 views25 pages
    This document provides an overview of biofuels and biodiesel. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from biomass through biological processes, and biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from waste vegetable oils through transesterification. The document discusses ethanol and butanol as common biofuels, produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from various feedstocks. It also outlines the advantages of biofuels over fossil fuels in being renewable, reducing emissions, and non-toxic. The document concludes with recent news items about increased biofuel blending requirements in Spain and Boeing's investments in aviation biofuel research in China.

    Original Title

    KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)

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    This document provides an overview of biofuels and biodiesel. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from biomass through biological processes, and biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from waste vegetable oils through transesterification. The document discusses ethanol and butanol as common biofuels, produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from various feedstocks. It also outlines the advantages of biofuels over fossil fuels in being renewable, reducing emissions, and non-toxic. The document concludes with recent news items about increased biofuel blending requirements in Spain and Boeing's investments in aviation biofuel research in China.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    59 views25 pages

    Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology Course # KIBGE-707: Afsheen Aman, PH.D

    Uploaded by

    Ziwaqar
    This document provides an overview of biofuels and biodiesel. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from biomass through biological processes, and biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from waste vegetable oils through transesterification. The document discusses ethanol and butanol as common biofuels, produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from various feedstocks. It also outlines the advantages of biofuels over fossil fuels in being renewable, reducing emissions, and non-toxic. The document concludes with recent news items about increased biofuel blending requirements in Spain and Boeing's investments in aviation biofuel research in China.

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    of 25

    INDUSTRIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL

    BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Course # KIBGE-707
     
    AFSHEEN AMAN, Ph.D.
    Assistant Professor
    Industrial Biotechnology Section
    Dr. A.Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic
    Engineering (KIBGE)
    University of Karachi
    Pakistan
    BIOFUEL & BIODIESEL
    Course # KIBGE-707
    WHY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ?

    • Energy consumption increased dramatically

    • DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL usage of fuel increased

    • Resulted in UNBALANCED energy management

    • Petroleum crisis occurred in 1973, when the barrel price


    was sky rocketing

    • In addition, the time for depletion of this energy source


    (Fossil fuel) is nearing
    • Need an alternative NEED-BASED
    COMMODITYITY

    • Globally Environmental Concerns & Issues were


    raise

    • Needed Power resources capable to sustain


    operations over a long period of time

    • Interest diverted towards natural resources


    (Renewable Resources).
    WHAT IS BIOFUEL?

    Conversion of biomass or related natural resources


    into fuel or energy by the use of BIOLOGICAL
    AGENTS
    • Biologically generated:
    Hydrogen/Methanol/Ethanol/Butanol

    WHAT IS BIODIESEL?

    An alternative fuel that can be produced from waste


    vegetable oil & can be directly used in any diesel
    engine
    BIOFUEL
    BIOETHANOL / ALCOHOL FUELS

    • Biologically produced alcohols produced


    by the action of microorganisms and
    enzymes through the fermentation of
    sugars or starches (easiest), or cellulose
    (which is more difficult).

    • Most commonly: Ethanol (bioethanol)


    • Less commonly: Propanol and Butanol
    (biobutanol)
    Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel
    worldwide, particularly produced by
    fermentation of sugars

    Ethanol production methods used are:


    • Enzyme digestion (to release sugars from
    stored starches)
    • Fermentation of the sugars

    • Distillation
    • Drying.
    • Bioethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a liquid biofuel
    produced from several different biomass
    feedstocks and conversion technologies.

    • Bioethanol is usually obtained from the


    conversion of carbon based feedstock.

    • Bioethanol, unlike petroleum, is a renewable


    resource that can be produced from agricultural
    feed stocks.
    VARIETY OF FEEDSTOCKS FOR
    BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

    • Sugar cane
    • Molasses
    • Bagasse
    • Corn
    • Sugar beet
    • Stover
    • Sorghum & grain
    • Grain
    sorghum switchgrass • Wheat
    • Barley • Straw
    • Potatoes, Sweet • Cotton
    potatoes & Cassava • Other biomass
    • Sunflower
    MICROORGANISM INVOLED IN
    BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
    • Saccharomyces uvarum
    • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Fusarium oxysporum
    • Clostridium acetobutylicum
    • Kluyveromyces marianus
    • Candida pseudotropicalis
    • Klebsiella oxytoca
    • Pichia stipitis
    • Kluyveromyces masxianus
    • Zymomonas mobilis
    ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL
    FOSSIL FUEL

    • Environmental friendly fuel as it does not

    contribute to the CO2 burden

    • It is Non-Toxic & Biodegradable


    • Reduce greenhouse effect
    • Substantially reduce unburned hydrocarbons
    (93%), carbon monoxide (50%) & particulate
    matter (30%)
    • Today ETHANOL is used as a fuel.
    • Mainly as a biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is
    widely used by flex-fuel light vehicles in Brazil, and as
    an oxygenate to gasoline in the US.
    • In Brazil, the National Alcohol Program was launched
    to meet the increasing demand for ethanol to fuel
    vehicles, and to substitute tetraethyl lead in gasoline.
    • Brazil & US were responsible for 89 percent of the
    world's ethanol fuel production in 2008.
    • Ethanol is used in petrol engines as a
    replacement for gasoline
    • It can be mixed with gasoline to any
    percentage. Most existing car petrol engines
    can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with
    petroleum/gasoline.
    • Anhydrous ethanol (ethanol with less than 1%
    water) is blended with gasoline in varying
    quantities
    E100
    E85
    E10
    • Modern gasoline engines operate well with
    mixtures of 10% ethanol
    BIODIESEL
    • Biodiesel is prepared from waste vegetable oils or fat
    by catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides
    • Transesterification means taking a triglyceride
    molecule, or a complex fatty acid, neutralizing the
    free fatty acids, removing the glycerin, and creating
    an alcohol ester.
    • This is accomplished by mixing methanol with sodium
    hydroxide to make sodium methoxide. This liquid is
    then mixed into the vegetable oil.
    • This liquid is then mixed into the vegetable oil.
    After the mixture has settled, Glycerin is left on
    the bottom and methyl esters, or biodiesel is left
    on top and is washed and filtered.

    • The final product Bio Diesel fuel, when used


    directly in a Diesel Engine will burn up to 75%
    cleaner then mineral oil Diesel fuel.

    The Cost
    • The cost of Bio Diesel is largely dependent on
    the choice of feedstock and the size of the
    production facility.
    APPLICATIONS OF BIODIESEL
    • Biodiesel is the most valuable form of renewable
    energy that can be used directly in any existing,
    unmodified diesel engine.
    • Biodiesel fuel and can be produced from oilseed
    plants such as rape seeds, sunflower, canola and
    or JATROPHA CURCAS.
    • Biodiesel is environmental friendly and ideal for
    heavily polluted cities.
    • Biodiesel produces 80% less carbon dioxide and
    100% less sulfur dioxide emissions. It provides a
    90% reduction in cancer risks.
    • Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any ratio
    with mineral oil diesel fuel. The preferred ratio if
    mixture ranges between 5 and 20% (B5 - B20)
    • Biodiesel is cheaper then mineral oil diesel
    • Biodiesel is conserving natural resources
    • SO2 emissions are eliminated as biodiesel

    contains no sulphur
    • It is biodegradable: biodegrades about 4 times
    faster than petroleum diesel
    • Ozone harming potential of biodiesel emission is
    50% less than conventional diesel
    • Biodiesel has high cetane rating which improves
    engine performance
    • Biodiesel extends the life of diesel engines (better
    lubricant)
    RECENT NEWS
    • SPAIN to up biofuel mix in fuels to 6.1 pct by 2013
    MADRID | Fri Oct 22, 2010 1:05pm EDT

    • MADRID (Reuters) - Spain's industry ministry said on


    Friday it planned to increase the minimum proportions of
     biofuels to be mixed with conventional fuels to 6.1 percent
    in 2013 from 5.83 percent in 2010.
    • The increase in requirements to mix biofuels with
    conventional fuels -- known as minimum blend -- will take
    place gradually, reaching 5.9 percent in 2011, and 6.0
    percent in 2012, the ministry said in a statement.
    • The European Union wants renewable fuels to account for
    10 percent of member states' transport fuel by 2020.
    (Reporting by Jonathan Gleave; editing by Keiron Henderson)
    • Boeing Launches Aviation Biofuel
    Research In China (October 22, 2010 )
    • U.S. aircraft maker Boeing has said that it will
    to invest USD500,000 each year over the next
    five years in its aviation biofuel research center
    in Qingdao.

    • The center was jointly launched by Boeing and


    the Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and
    Bioprocess Technology and is called the Joint
    Research Lab for Sustainable Aviation
    Biofuels.
    • The company is focused on algal growth,
    harvesting, and processing technologies
    • Boeing is planning to conduct a test of a
    commercial-jet biofuel in China in May or
    June 2011. The test will be the company's
    sixth demonstration flight using biofuel.
    • The test will be made in conjunction with Air
    China, the country's flagship carrier, and will
    use fuel based on jatropha oil supplied by
    PetroChina.
    THANK YOU

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