Basic Civil Engineering

(EN3ES01)

Unit-IV
Surveying and Levelling
Power Point Presentation (ppt)

Submitted to- ANURAG TRIPATHI SIR

Submitted By - CS F (Group 3)
S.No. Topic Name Presented By Enrollment Number

1 Surveying And it's SANSKAR CHOUHAN EN19CS301332

classification SARANSH SINGH TOMAR EN19CS301334

2 General principles of SAMYAK KHABIYA EN19CS301328

surveying
3 Basic terms in Surveying SANDHYA JARIYA EN19CS301331

4 Definition of chain and it's SARTHAK BINDAL EN19CS301336

Types
5 Chain Survey SATYAM ASTONKAR EN19CS301339

6 Compass survey SARANG MENDHE EN19CS301333

7 Leveling Survey SANDEEP SUNER EN19CS301330

8 Uses of surveying SANAT SHAIKH EN19CS301329

9 Contours, their SARAS AGRAWAL EN19CS301335

Characteristics and uses SATYA PRAKASH EN19CS301338
 GENERAL PRINCIPAL OF SURVEYING

Two basic principals of surveying:-

1) Always work from whole to the part

This principle is very imp to establish first a system of contour points to fix them with high
precision.
2)To locate a new station by at least two measurement from fixed reference
points
The relative position of the point to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least
two points of reference, the positions of which have already been fixed.
Always work from the whole to the
part
To locate a new station by at least two
measurement from fixed reference points
BASIC TERMS IN SURVEYING

 BASE LINE: Generally the longest possible line of main survey line is
called Base line.
 TIE LINE: Line joining tie stations to locate any interior details.
 CHECK LINES: The lines run on the field to check to the accuracy of
survey work.
 OFSET: The lateral measurement taken from an object to the chain
line is known as offset.
They are of two types:
 1) PERPENDICULAR OFFSETS: When the lateral measurements are
taken perpendicular to the chain line, they are known as
perpendicular offsets.
 2) OBLIQUE OFFSETS : Any offsets not perpendicular to chain is said
to be oblique offset. They can be acute as well as obtuse. It is taken
when object is at large distance from chain line.
 TRAVERSE: It is a method in the field of surveying to established
control networks.
 TRUE MERIDIAN: It is the imaginary line passing through
geographical north and south pole and any point on surface of earth.
 MAGNETIC MERIDIAN: When a magnetic needle is freely suspended
and balanced properly in the atmosphere, unaffected by magnetic
substances, it indicates a directly direction . This is known as magnetic
meridian.
 LOCAL ATTRACTIONS: It is the attraction to the magnetic needle due
to surroundings Earth magnetic field due to the ores , magnetic rocks,
iron, electric rods etc.
 BEARINGS: Bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes
with a reference line or meridian.
 DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS :
 1) WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING SYTSTEM
In this system ,the bearing of a line is measured with magnetic north in clock wise
direction. The bearing value thus varies from 0degree to 360 degree .
Preceramic compass is graduated on this system

2) REDUCING BEARING /QUADRANTAL BEARING SYSTEM

In this system angle is measured form north or south to east or west which ever
is nearer Thus, in this system numerical value of angle does not exceed 90
degree. Both north and south may be used as reference meridianc and direction
can be either clockwise or anti clockwise depending upon the position of line in
this system. Surveyor’s compass is graduated on this system
 Chain Survey

It is the most common survey usually done in all engineering

projects for the preparation of the plans. In this only linear
measurements are taken in the field of and no other
measurements are to be taken.

Chain is the most main instrument used for measurements of

linear distances and hence known as chain survey.

The principle of chain survey is Triangulation, which means to

provide a framework consisting of number of connected
triangles.
INSTRUMENTS USED FOR CHAIN SURVEY

 CHAINS:
 METRIC CHAIN: They are generally 5m, 10m, 20m and 30m in length having 25
links, 50 links, 100 links and 150 links respectively. Circular brass rings are
attached at every 1m of length and brass tallys are provided at each length of
chain.
 GUNTER’S CHAIN: It is 66ft long chain and is divided into 100 links. Each link is of
0.66ft. It is used to measure length in furlongs.
10 Gunter chain = 1 furlong
10 sq. Gunter chain = 1 acre
 ENGINEER’S CHAIN: It is of 100ft. length and divided into 100 links. Each link
having length of 1ft . At every 10 links, brass tags are fastened.
 REVENUE CHAIN: It is 33ft long chain and consist of 16 links each link being 33/16
ft long.
 TAPE:
 CLOTH TAPE: They are made up of cloth. They are 10m to 30m in length and
12mm to 15mm in width.
 STEEL TAPE: They are made up of steel strip with 6mm TO 10mm width are
available in 1m, 2m, 5m, 10m, 20m,30m and 50m.
 INVAR TAPE: These are made-up of alloy steel (64%) and nickel (36%). These are
having very low coefficient of thermal expansion of about 1.22*10^-7.

 PEGS: These are made of wood and are use to marks the positions of survey
station. They are square in sections having dimensions of 25mm*25mm*150mm.

 RANGING RODS: They are used to fix the intermediate points on survey line. They
are painted having alternate red and white or black. There height are between
2m to 3m.
 CROSS SHAFT: It is used to setting perpendicular offsets on each sides of the
survey line.
 PLUMB BOB: It is used to indicate the direction of vertical line towards
centre of gravity.
Cross shaft Ranging rod
TERMS IN CHAIN SURVEY

 BASE LINE: The longest possible line of main survey line is called base line. It
is free form obstructions.
 TIE LINE: Line joining tie stations to locate any interior details.
 CHECK LINES: The lines run on the field to check the accuracy of survey
work.
 PERPENDICULAR OFFSETS: When the lateral measurements are taken
perpendicular to the chain line, they are known as perpendicular offsets.
 OBLIQUE OFFSETS: Any offset not perpendicular to chain is said to be
oblique offset.
PROCEDURE

 Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine

horizontal distance between them.
 Position of station A and B is fixed by measuring their position from at least three
permanent objects and location sketch of station A and B.
 The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at station A.
 The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod and
walks in the forward direction dragging chain with him.
 After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower steps on one
side of the line with the ranging rod touching the handle.
 The follower directs to leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader puts a
scratch at the position and inserts an arrow. He then moves forward with the
chain handle with remaining arrows and ranging rod till the follower reaches
the next arrow point.
SOURCES OF ERROR

 INSTRUMENTAL ERROR
 PERSONAL ERROR
 NATURAL ERROR
 INCORRECT LENGTH OF CHAIN
 BAD RANGING AND MARKING
 ERROR DUE TO TEMPERATURE VARIATION
 ERROR DUE TO VARIATION IN PULL
10 Uses Of Surveying.
• For preparing the contour map to
determine the best possible route and
amount of earthwork required

• For preparing the engineering map

showing engineering details like
highways, railways, canals, dams,
reservoirs, etc.

• Maps prepared for marking boundaries

of countries, states, districts etc., avoid
disputes.
• For preparing the topographical
map which shows hills, rivers,
forests, valleys, etc.

• For planning and estimating project

works like roads, bridges, railways,
airports, water supply and waste
water disposal surveying is
required.

• Marine and hydro-graphic survey

helps in planning navigation routes
and harbours.
• For preparing a military map showing
different strategic points important for
the defence of a country.

• Mine surveys are required for exploring

mineral wealth.

• For preparing archaeological map

showing the places where ancient relics
may have lied.
• Astronomical survey helps in the study of movements of planets and for
calculating local and standard times.
 Levelling
 Levelling is a process of determining the height of one level relative to
other. It is used to established the elevation of a point relative to a datum,
or to established a point at given datum.
 Classifications of levelling
 Simple levelling: - If two points are visible from the single sitting of a
instruments and their elevation difference is not to much then simple
levelling is performed.
 Differential levelling: - If two points are either to far or are obstructed by the
intervening of ground then then differential levelling is performed.
 Reciprocal levelling: - if two points are situated in such a way that it is not
possible to set-up instrument at any intermediate point then reciprocal
levelling is performed.
 Profile or longitudinal levelling: - This type of leveling is iridous along a given
line to determine the elevation of a point at known distance.
 Cross sectional levelling: - when width of a proposed project is not inform
of the strip of small width, but exceed 30m to 60m , it becomes necessary
to take levels in transvers direction. This type of levelling is known as cross
sectional levelling.
 Application of levelling
To prepare contour maps.
To determine elevations of different points.
To prepare layout for water supply, sanitary and
drainage schemas.
To prepare longitudinal and cross section of civil
engineering projects.
 Important Terminology
 Level surface: - Any surface parallel to the spherical surface of the earth is
called level surface.
 Level Line: - A level line is the line lying as a level surface and to the plumb
line at all points.
 Horizontal line: - A straight line tangential to the level line and
perpendicular to the plumb line.
 Horizontal plan: - Any plan tangential to the level surface at a given point is
called horizontal plan.
 Elevation: - The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or
below a fixed reference point.
 Datum surface: - A datum surface is any arbitrary level surface to which
elevation of a point are referred.
 Reduced level: - The reduced level of a point is the elevation of a point
about the adopted datum.
 Benchmark (B.M): - A bench mark is a fix point of reference where
elevation with respect to an assumed datum is known
 Back sight (B.S): - This is the first staff reading taken after set up the
instrument at the station
 Foresight (F.S): -It is the last staff reading taken after setting up instrument at
the station before it shifted from its position
 Intermediate sight (I.S): - These are staff readings taken at intermediate
station and are taken between fore sight and back sight
 Line of collimation: - These are the straight line passing through the optical
center of the objective glass and the point of intersection of the cross hair
and diaphragm
 Height of instrument: - It is the elevation of the line of collimation
Terminologies used in levelling
Instruments used for levelling
Levelling through rise and fall method
Levelling through height of instrument method
Difference b/w H.I And Rise/Fall
method
‘CONTOUR LINES.’
Contour lines are the lines on a map joining points of equal height above
or below sea level.
 CONTOUR MAPS.

 A map or plan representing a 3D picture of ground with the help of contour

lines is called contour map or plan.
Characteristics Of Contours.

 Two contours of different elevation do not cross each other expect in case
of over hanging vertical cliff.
 Contour drawn closer to each other depicts steeper slope.
 Contour drawn at large intervals depicts gentle slope.
 Contour drawn at equal horizontal equivalent depicts uniform slope.
 Contour line at a point is perpendicular to the steepest curve at that point.
Characteristics Of Contours.

 Contour lines must be closed either within the map or outside the limit of
map.
 Contour maps with higher elevation towards the centre represents a hill.
 Contours maps with lower elevation towards centre represent a depression
or pond.
 Uses Of Contours lines.

 Help to select Suitable Site for construction.

 To determine Reservoir capacity.
 Alignment for roads, canals, transmission lines are done efficiently with the
help of contours.
 To determine nature of ground surface.
 Estimating quantity of Earthwork, cutting, filling etc.