Starter:

Give the Patterns of Development in

Reading and Writing.
Unit 1
Reading and Thinking
Strategies Across Text Types

Lesson 4: Properties of a Well-written

Text
Objectives:

Identify the properties of a well-written text

(Organization, Cohesion and Coherence,
and Unity)
Connect text to create an organized,
coherent, cohesive, and unity.
Properties of a Well-Written Text

A. Organization

B. Coherence and Cohesion

C. Unity

D. Language Use

E. Mechanics (with Proofreading )

 What is a paragraph?

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized,

coherent, and are all related to a single topic
For a paragraph, or for any composition, to be
effective, it
must always consider the Properties of a Well-
Written Text.
 Remember:

The first line of a paragraph is usually indented. This indentation of a

paragraph indicates where the paragraph begins.

Remember that you must capitalize the first word in each sentence
and end each sentence with a punctuation mark, most often a
period (.).
 Parts of Paragraph

 Introduction

 The first section of a paragraph; it should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at
the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition.

 Body

 Follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples,
or other information.

 Conclusion

 The final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the
paragraphs and the paragraph's controlling idea.
 Types of Sentence in a Paragraph

Topic Sentence

This states the main topic of the paragraph and the controlling idea

When writing the topic sentence, try to state the main point of the
paragraph ad clearly and as accurately as possible. Do not make
the topic sentence too general or too specific
 Types of Sentence in a Paragraph

Supporting Sentences

These develop the topic sentence. Supporting details should be

drawn from a variety of sourcesand based on research, experiences,
etc. plus the writer's own analysis.Using a combination of different
supports is the most common and effective way to strengthen
theparagraph.
 Types of Sentence in a Paragraph

Concluding Sentence

This signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader
with important points to remember, but is often unnecessary.
 A. ORGANIZATION

also known as arrangement, is achieved when ideas are

logically and accurately arranged with focus on the
arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in
a definite order in a paragraph, essay, or speech.
 Check the following paragraph
arrangements and the words which are
useful in securing in each of them:

1. Chronological Order - first, second, later, before, next, as soon as, after,
then, finally, meanwhile, following, last, during, in, on, until

2. Order of Importance - less, more, primary, next, last, most important,

primarily, secondarily

3. Spatial Order - above, below, beside, next to, in front of, behind, inside,
outside, opposite, within, nearby
 Check the following paragraph
arrangements and the words which are
useful in securing in each of them:
4. Definition Order - is, refers to, can be defined as, means, consists of, involves,
is a term that, is called

5. Classification - classified as, comprises, is composed of, several, varieties of,

different stages of, different groups that

6. Process - first, next, then, following, after that, last, finally

7. Cause and Effect - Causes: because, for, since, stems from, one cause is, one
reason is, leads to, causes, creates, yields, due to, breeds, for this reason //
Effects: consequently, results in, one result is, therefore, thus, as a result, hence
 Check the following paragraph
arrangements and the words which are
useful in securing in each of them:
8. Comparison and Contrast - Similarities: both, also, similarly, like, likewise, too, as
well as, resembles, correspondingly, in the same way, to compare, in
comparison, share// Differences: unlike, differs from, in contrast,
on the other hand, instead, despite, nevertheless, however, in spite
of, whereas, as opposed to

9. Listing - the following, several, for example, for instance, one, another, also,
too, in other words, first, second, numerals (1, 2, 3...), letters (a, b, c...)

10. Clarification - in fact, in other words, clearly

 Check the following paragraph
arrangements and the words which are
useful in securing in each of them:
11. Summary - in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to
sum up, in short, on the

12. Example - for example, for instance, to illustrate

13. Addition - furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in

addition, moreover, again
 Remember:

When ideas are organized well, a text can achieve Coherence, Cohesion,
and Unity.

 Coherence – occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual level

 Cohesion – connection of ideas at the sentence level

 Unity – achieved when a composition contains one focused idea

Starter:
Give the parts of a paragraph.

Give the types of sentence in a paragraph.

How can you say that a text is organized?

Give 5 example of paragraph arrangements.

 B. COHERENCE

 refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage, including both the main point
of sentences and the main point of each paragraph.

 A coherent passage focuses the reader’s attention on the main ideas and th
e specific people, things, and events you are writing about.
 B. COHESION

 is also a very important aspect of academic writing because it immediately affects the tone
of your writing.

 Cohesive writing does not mean just “grammatically correct” sentences; cohesive writing ref
ers to the connection of your ideas both at the sentence level and at the paragraph level.

 Cohesion is important because it allows writers to make multiple references to people,

things, and events without reintroducing them at each turn. If we had to repeat these every
time we wanted to refer to them, the text would be very tedious to read.
 Techniques to improve paragraph
cohesion:
 Transitions
 Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships.

 Repetition
 In sentence B, repeat a word from sentence A

 Synonymy
 If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is called
'elegant variation.

 Antonymy
 Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms
actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine
 Techniques to improve paragraph
cohesion:
 Pro-forms
 Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier.

 Collocation
 Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another.

 Enumeration
 Use overt markers of sequence to highlight the connection between ideas. This system has many advantages: (a) it can
link ideas that are otherwise completely unconnected, (b) it looks formal and distinctive, and (c) it promotes a second method
of sentence cohesion.

 Parallelism
 Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most elegant method of creating
cohesion.
 Learning check up!

 Use appropriate connectors to join the sentences.

 1. I prefer folk music. My girlfriend adores heavy metal.

 2. He’s received three threatening letters. He is continuing to investigate the case.

 3. The referee blew his whistle to start the game. It began to pour with rain.

 4. Her boyfriend is very good-looking. He’s a good cook.

 5. She was absolutely exhausted. She’s just finished her final exams.
Starter:

What is cohesion?

What is coherence?
 C. UNITY

 is achieved when a composition is focusedon one idea. In a unified text, all

supporting ideas are relevant to the main thought.Without unity, text will be
confusing.

 Topic Sentence/ Thesis Statement/ Lead

 Supporting Sentences

 Cohesive Device

 Conclusion
D. Language Use

is one of the clearest indicators of a well

written text. It enables writers to effectively
communicate ideas without confusing the
reader.
 An effective language is: Specific,
Concise, Familiar, Correct, and
Appropriate
Levels of in Language Use
 Informal/ Personal
- slang, local expressions, text messaging Hey Bes Yow Sup Pet (friend) Nigga OTW GNyt Dude
BRB SML KUTGW2.
 Standard/Academic
-widely accepted words and phrases found in books, magazines, and newspapers
Note to a professor:
I missed last night’s class and will e-mail my paper later.
The problem was on garbage management as it greatly affects the students who are occupying the
SJH Blg.3.
 Business/Technical
- scientific terms, jargons, and special expressions Psychiatrist's report: "Dissociative rage order is not
indicated by the ER assessment.”
 Principles in Language Use/ Diction

 1. Use clear and concise sentences, usually about 18 words long.

 2. Avoid redundancies, cliches wordiness, and highfalutin

 3. Although may be used, avoid overusing “There” and “It”, drop it

 4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate. Condensed.

 5. Be consistent in pronoun POV

 6. Avoid sexist language.

 7. Use appropriate level of formality.

 Starter:

What is unity as property of a well written text?

What is language use as a property of a well

written text?

What are the 3 levels of language?

Try:
 E. Mechanics (with proof reading)

 focuses on the technicalities of the structure. It determines errors on subject-verb agreement,

prepositions, tenses, the grammar, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations and acronyms, the
use of numbers as part of the statement, and the punctuation marks.

 Spelling

 Capitalization

 Abbreviation and Acronyms

 Numbers

 Punctuation Marks

 Grammar
 Punctuation Marks

 1. PERIOD (.) used after sentences, in abbreviations, and as decimals

 2. EXCLAMATION POINT (!) placed at the emphatic or forceful sentences

 3. QUESTION MARK (?) placed at the end of a question and to note questionable items

 4. QUOTATION MARKS (“ ”) to indicate direct quotations- for titles of poems, short stories,
chapters, essays, songs, episodes of television shows

 5. APOSTROPHE (’) to show possession (Angel’s bag), to show missing letters and number
(you’re, ’95), toshow plurals of letters (I got all A’s last semester.)
 6. COLON (:) after independent clauses to introduce elements. “The coach demanded three
things from
his players: loyalty, devotion, and teamwork.” / to separate items in numerals, ratios, titles and sub
titles, time references, scripture references

 7. PARENTHESES () to set off nonessential details and explanations, to enclose letters and numbers
used when listing items, first-time use of acronym

 8. BRACKETS [ ] to set off clarifications inserted in quotations, Eric observed, “I think [Rodrigo]
Duterte was the greatest president.”

 9. HYPHEN ( - ) to separate or join words We saw her on tele-vision last night.Never pay a higher-
than-average price.
 10. DASH ( -- ) to show sudden break of thought

“Ted was angry after his car was stolen—who wouldn’t be?”/ to set off an introduction to a series

“They have everything needed to succeed—ideas, money, and marketing.”

 11. SLASH (/) to separate words or to show alternatives (he/she)12. SEMICOLON (;) to join independent clauses when
and, or, yet, but, or so are not present, to separateitems in a series that contains commas

“The governor will meet with Rey Simon, the mayor of Concepcion; Bert Vesca, the vice mayor; and Peter Cayabyab.”

 13. ELLIPSIS (. . . ) to indicate that words have been deleted from quoted materia

 14. COMMA (,) to signal pauses and shifts in sentences, used with and, or, so, but, yet to join independentclauses

“Chinatown is a popular tourist attraction, and it serves as an important cultural center.”

 General Principles

 Always use standard English

 Avoid Contraction (shouldn't, gonna)

 Avoid exclamation marks unless part of a quotation

 Mention full name in first mention. Thereafter, use abbreviations.

 Numbers zero to ten vs 11 and so on

 Citations are used in academic and formal texts but sparingly used in business
texts
 Using the proofreading symbols, correct t
hesesentences.

1. I see the deer in the distance

2. What a delicious pizza this is

3. My birthday is November 20 1955

4. Dr Smith moved to Washington.

5. Stand over there, said the teacher

Identify the mistakes in this document with the invention of the personal computer and the
Internet, a new age in communications begins. now people could communicate fastest and
more easily than ever before. Writing, editing, and storing information became quick and
easy. It was no longest necessary to write draft after draft when changes could be made so
easily using a word Processor program. Messages, could now be sent in no time to anywhere
in the world, without addressing envelopes or licking stamps. Century most early, around the
year 1450 a similar revolution in communications had occurred in Germany. This happened
when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. Gutenberg was not the first person to
use printing to copy a peace of writing. printing was already being invented in China, where
they used clay to print oriental characters. Small items, such as posters and flyers, were
already being printed in Europe too, using the woodblock method of printing. Books and
other largest works, however, were still being copied by hand. At this time, books were usually
produced only in latin, and only the most educated people read them. Gutenbergs' printing
press was about to change all of this.