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Lecture 02

The document discusses different types of instruments used to measure pressure. Deflection type instruments like pressure gauges display measurements based on the movement of a pointer. Their accuracy depends on the calibration of the Bourdon tube and spring. Dead weight pressure gauges are null type instruments that work by balancing the fluid pressure with calibrated weights until reaching a null point. Null type instruments are more accurate because the calibration of weights is easier than other components. The document also discusses static characteristics of instruments like accuracy, precision, range, linearity, sensitivity, threshold, and resolution.

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258 views20 pages

Lecture 02

The document discusses different types of instruments used to measure pressure. Deflection type instruments like pressure gauges display measurements based on the movement of a pointer. Their accuracy depends on the calibration of the Bourdon tube and spring. Dead weight pressure gauges are null type instruments that work by balancing the fluid pressure with calibrated weights until reaching a null point. Null type instruments are more accurate because the calibration of weights is easier than other components. The document also discusses static characteristics of instruments like accuracy, precision, range, linearity, sensitivity, threshold, and resolution.

Uploaded by

AminaHaider
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Null & Deflection Type Instruments

 Pressure Gauge is a
Deflection Type
Instrument
 Value of quantity
measured displayed in
terms of movement of
pointer
 Accuracy depends upon
Bourdon tube and spring

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 1


Null & Deflection Type Instruments
 Calibration of Bourdon
tube and spring is
difficult therefore
Deflection type
instrument is less
accurate
 More convenient to use

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 2


Null & Deflection Type Instruments
 Dead Weight Pressure
Gauge is a Null Type
Instrument, works on
the principle that P= F/A
 Weights are put on top of
piston until the
downward force
balances the fluid
pressure

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 3


Null & Deflection Type Instruments
 Weights are added until
the piston reaches a
datum level known as
the null point
 Accuracy depends upon
calibration of weights
 Calibration of weights is
easier therefore null type
instruments are more
accurate

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 4


Null & Deflection Type Instruments
 Inconvenient to use, for
calibration purposes
only

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 5


Analogue and Digital Instruments
 Analogue Instruments
give a continuously
varying output as the
quantity being measured
changes
 Deflection Type
pressure Gauge
 Digital Instruments give
output that varies in
discrete quantities

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 6


Static & Dynamic Characteristics
 Static Characteristics deal with steady state or slowly
varying inputs
 Dynamic Characteristics refers to the performance of
the instrument when the input variable is changing
rapidly with time

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 7


Static Characteristics
 Characteristics of an instrument at Steady State
 Accuracy
 Precision (Repeatability and Reproducibility)
 Range or Span
 Linearity
 Sensitivity
 Threshold
 Resolution

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 8


Accuracy (Measurement
Uncertainty)
 Accuracy of an instrument is a measure of how close
the output reading of an instrument is to the actual
value
 In practice the inaccuracy figure is quoted
 Inaccuracy quoted as percentage of the full scale (f.s.)
reading of an instrument
 Pressure gauge of range 0 – 10 bar has quoted
inaccuracy of ±1.0% f.s.
 Maximum error to be expected in any reading is 0.1 bar

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 9


Accuracy (Measurement
Uncertainty)
 When instrumentation is reading 1.0 bar the
maximum error which is 0.1 bar gives an error of 10%
 Important Instrument Design Rule
 Instrument Range should be appropriate to the spread
of values to be measured
 Never use an instrument having 0 – 10 bar range to
measure values between 0 and 1 bar

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 10


Precision (Repeatability/
Reproducibility)
 Precision of an instrument describes its degree of
freedom from random errors
 If large number of readings are taken of the same
quantity then the spread of readings should be very
small
 A high precision instrument may have low accuracy

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 11


Accuracy Vs. Precision

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 12


Repeatability vs. Reproducibility
 Repeatability
 Closeness of output readings when same input is
applied repeatability over a short period of time
 With the same measurement conditions
 Same instrument and observer
 Same location
 Same conditions of use maintained throughout

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 13


Repeatability vs. Reproducibility
 Reproducibility
 Closeness of output readings for same input when
there are changes in
 Method of measurement
 Observer
 Measuring instrument
 Location
 Conditions of use and time of measurement

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 14


Accuracy vs. Repeatability

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 15


Range or Span
 Maximum and Minimum values of a quantity that the
instrument is designed to measure

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 16


Linearity
 It is desirable that the output reading of an instrument
is linearly proportional to the quantity being measured
 Non-Linearity defined as the maximum deviation of
any of the output readings from the best-fit straight
line output

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 17


Linearity
 Non-linearity is expressed as a percentage of full scale
reading

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 18


Sensitivity
 It is a measure of the change in instrument output that
occurs when the quantity being measured changes by
a given amount
 Scale Deflection/Value of measurand producing
deflection
 1 V/Ω

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 19


Threshold
 The minimum input to an instrument at which the
output is detectable
 Car speedometer typically has a threshold of 15 kmph
 Manufacturers vary in which they specify threshold
 Threshold quoted as an Absolute Value
 Threshold quoted as a percentage of full-scale reading

EE220 Instrumentation & Measurement 20

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