Database Management System

 Submitted To:Prof.Rutvi Sarang

 Submitted By: Dharmishtha Baria

Roll. No :1
Data Processing
 Data is a collection of facts - unorganized but able
to be organized into useful information
 Information is data arranged in an order and form
that is useful to the people who receive it
 Data processing is a series of actions or
operations that converts data into useful information
 A data processing system includes resources such
as people, procedures, and devices used to process
input data for producing desirable output
Data Storage Hierarchy
Relationship Among Character, Field, Record,
and File Character, Field, Record, and File
Standard Methods of Organizing
Data
 File-oriented approach: Application's data is
organized into one or more files and application
program processes them to generate the desired
output
 Database-oriented approach: Data from multiple
related files are integrated together to form a
database:
 Provides greater query flexibility
 Reduces data redundancy
 Solves data integrity (inconsistency) problem
 Makes data independent of the application
programs
 Includes data security features at database level,
record level, and field level
File Management System
 In file-oriented approach of organizing data,
an application's data is organized into one or
more files
 Application program processes the data
stored in these files to generate the desired
output
 Set of programs is provided to facilitate the
users in organizing, creating, deleting,
updating, and manipulating their files
 All these programs together form a File
Management System (FMS)
File Types
 A file management system supports following file
types:
 Transaction file: Stores input data until it can be
processed
 Master file: Contains all current data relevant to an
application
 Output file: Stores output produced by one program
that is used as input to another program
 Report file: Holds a copy of a report generated by
an application
 Backup file: Copy of a file, created as a safety
precaution against loss of data
File Organizations
 File organization is the physical organization of the
records of a file for convenience of storage and
retrieval of data records
 Three commonly used file organizations are:
 Sequential: Records are stored one after another
in ascending or descending order determined by the
value of the key field of the records
 Direct/random: Desired record pertaining to
current transaction can be directly located by its key
field value without having to navigate through
sequence of other records
 Indexed sequential: There are two
files for every data file - the data file
which contains the records stored in the
file, and the smaller index file which
contains the key and disk address of
each record stored in the data file
Organization of An Indexed
Sequential File Sequential File
Sorting on a ascending employee code (secondary
key) within ascending department code (primary key)
Database Management System
 In database-oriented approach of organizing
data, a set of programs is provided to
facilitate users in organizing, creating,
deleting, updating, and manipulating data in a
database
 All these programs together form a
Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Models
 Database model defines the manner in
which the various files of a database are
linked together.
 Four commonly used database models are:
 Hierarchical
 Network
 Relational
 Object-oriented
Hierarchical Database
Network Database
Relational Database
Sample Report
Object-Oriented Database
Main Components of a DBMS
 DBMS allows users to organize, process and
retrieve selected data from a database without
knowing about the underlying database structure
 Four major components of a DBMS that enable
this are:
 Data Definition Language (DDL): Used to define
the structure (schema) of a database
 Data Manipulation Language (DML): Provides
commands to enable the users to enter and
manipulate the data
 Query Language: Enables users to define their
requirements for extracting the desired information
from the database in the form of queries
 Report generator: Enables the users of a
database to design the layout of a report so that it
can be presented in the desired format
Creating a Database
 Creation of a database is a three step
process:
 Defining its structure (schema)
 Designing forms (custom screens) for
displaying and entering data
 Entering the data into it
Sample Database Form
Viewing, Modifying, Deleting, and Adding
Records Adding Records

 All database systems provide commands to

view, modify, delete, or add records of an
already established database
 Many database systems also provide a
facility to set up a filter allowing user to
browse through and view only those records
that meet some criterion
Searching a Database
 Commonly supported features for enabling a user to
search for desired information in a database are:
 Find command: Used for simple database queries
 Query language: Used for more complex
database queries
 Query By Example (QBE): Provides a simple user
interface for specifying search criteria
Creating Reports
 Reports are generated by using report
generator of a database system to assemble
the output of a database query in desired
format
 Report generator enables user to specify
layout of the report, titles & subtitles for the
report, column headings for various fields,
and other elements to make the report
appear more presentable
Sample Output of Report