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Advanced UNIX (Shell) : Objectives

The document provides an overview of advanced UNIX shell commands including: 1) Redirection using > and < to redirect command input/output to files. 2) Pipes using | to connect the output of one command to the input of another. 3) Running commands in the background using & to execute without waiting for completion. 4) Filename generation using wildcards like ?, *, and character sets to match multiple files.

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Sangram Anand
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
54 views

Advanced UNIX (Shell) : Objectives

The document provides an overview of advanced UNIX shell commands including: 1) Redirection using > and < to redirect command input/output to files. 2) Pipes using | to connect the output of one command to the input of another. 3) Running commands in the background using & to execute without waiting for completion. 4) Filename generation using wildcards like ?, *, and character sets to match multiple files.

Uploaded by

Sangram Anand
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced UNIX (Shell)


Objectives
 to supplement the “Introduction to UNIX” slide
s with extra information about the Shell
Overview
1. Redirection
2. Pipes
3. Background Jobs
4. Filename Generation
1. Redirection

Command I/O is stream-based:

standard
output
command

standard input
You type a line;
it is echoed
$ cat
This is a line of text.
This is a line of text.
Cat keeps copying lines of text
Cat keeps copying lines of text
until you press control-D at the
until you press control-D at the
beginning of a line.
beginning of a line.
$

control-D
Redirect Output

Use > to redirect standard output t
o a ‘file’:
standard
output file

command

standard input
$ cat > sample.txt
This text is being entered at the keyboard.
Cat is copying it to a file.
Press control-D to indicate the
end of file.
$

control-D
$ cat file1.c file2.c file3.c > all-files.c
Redirect Input

Use < to redirect standard input fro
m a ‘file’:

standard standard
input output
file command
$ cat < supply_orders
2000 sheets letterhead ordered: 10/7/97
1 box masking tape ordered: 10/8/97
$

$ cat supply_orders

$ mail [email protected] < letter.txt


Dangers

Bad:
$ cat orange pear > orange
cat: input orange is output

 see noclobber in C Shell


Good:
$ cat orange pear > temp
$ mv temp orange
Appending Output to a File

Use >> to append:

$ date > whoson


$ cat whoson
Fri May 29 09:24:19 GMT 2000
$ who >> whoson
$ cat whoson
Fri May 29 09:24:19 GMT 2000
jenny tty02 May 29 07:21
ad tty06 May 28 11:01
$
2. Pipes

Use a pipe to connect standard out
put of one command to standard in
put of another:
command1 command2

standard standard
input output

Use the ‘|’ operator between commands:
$ command 1 | command2


Same as:
$ command1 > temp
$ command2 < temp
$ rm temp

$ ls | more


$ who | grep ‘ad’
ad tty06 May 23 10:31


$ who | sort
ad tty06 May 23 10:31
jenny tty02 May 21 15:29
scott tty03 May 23 09:02


Same as:
$ who > temp
$ sort < temp or $ sort temp
Filters

A filter is a command that modifies
its standard input, putting the chan
ges onto its standard output:

$ who | sort | lpr

$ ps | grep ad
The tee Command

Passes its input through to standard output u
nchanged. Also saves input into a file:

file
command1 tee command2

standard standard
input output

$ who | tee who.out | grep ad
ad tty06 May 23 10:31


$ cat who.out
jenny tty02 May 21 15:29
ad tty06 May 23 10:31
scott tty03 May 23 09:02
3. Background Jobs

A normal command executes in the foregroun
d: you wait until it finishes before another com
mand can be typed.


Commands (jobs) can execute in the backgro
und. No need to wait for them before another
command is typed.

Background jobs end with a ‘&’:

$ gcc big-program.c &


1466

$ ls -l | lpr &
1467

$ vi report.txt
Killing a Background Job

Cannot type control-C


Use kill and the process ID (PID):
$ kill 1466


Use ps to list PIDs:
$ ps
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND
1466 03 S 0:05 gcc big-program.c
1467 03 S 0:04 ls -l | lpr
1524 03 R 0:03 ps
$
4. Filename Generation

Commands involving filenames (e.g. cat, ls) c
an include special characters in the filenames.
 called metacharacters
 three kinds:
?
*
[...]
The ? Special Character

? matches any single character

$ ls
mem memo12 memo9 memoalex newme
mo5
memo memo5 memoa memos

$ ls memo?
memo9 memo5 memoa memos
$ lpr memo?

continued
$ ls
7may4report may14report may4report.
79
mayqreport may.report may4report
may_report mayreport

$ ls may?report
mayqreport may.report may4report
may_report
The * Special Character

* matches any sequence of characters
(0 or more characters)

$ ls
amemo memo memoa memosally
user.memo mem memo.0612
memorandum sallymemo

$ ls memo*
memo memoa memosally memo.0612
memorandum

continued
$ ls *.txt
$ lpr *.txt

$ ls *.c
$ cat *.c > all-files
$ more all-files
$ rm *.c
$ mv all-files all-files.c
The [...] Special Characters

Match against any single character given inside
[...]

Can include ‘-’ to give a range

$ ls
part1.txt part2.txt part3.txt part4.txt part5.txt

$ lpr part[135].txt
$ cat part[1-3].txt

continued
Useful Ranges

[a-z] any letter between a and z


[A-Z] any letter between A and Z


[0-9] any digit betwwn 0 and 9


Can combine:
[a-z,0-9]

continued
$ ls
part0 part1 part2 part3 part4 ...
part32 part33 part34 part35

$ ls part[0-9]
$ ls part[12][0-9]
$ ls part3[0-5]
Combining Special Characters

$ ls [a-m]*

$ ls *[x-z]

$ lpr p*[0-9].c &

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