Basis of Router Technology

Version: 10.A
Lectuer Introduce
Maipu Technical Support Dept.：
Telephone:
Email：
Before this course, you should know following courses first.

• Base of Data Communication Technology

• Basis of TCP IP Technologies
• Basis of Wan and Lan
This course will explain following questions.

• Router Concept
• Basic Theory of Router
Contents
Router Concept

Basic Working Theory of Router

Classification and Development of Router

Parameter Indexes of Router

At the Crossroad…… Quickly get out of
the way. I will be late！

How can I get to

Jiuzhai Valley?

Haha, drive the

wecker to go for a
walk.

The romantic trip

starts~~
Basic Concept of Router
Router is the main
172.140.1.0/24 hub node device of IP
Internet, like “Traffic
police”.
Router
192.168.1.0/24

100.100.1.0/24

The IP packets
transmitted on the
network are
211.112.1.0/24
“passerby and
vehicle”.
Router Functions
• Realize remote network interconnection (DDN, LAN,
ATM…);
• The translation of data between link protocols (HDLC,
PPP, FR), isolate network broadcasting;
• Traffic management (QOS);
• “Letter carrier” of Internet - packet route (static route,
dynamic route…).
 Location of Router in TCP/IP System
Entity A Entity B

Application layer Application layer

Transmission layer
Packets Transmission layer

Network layer Network layer Network layer

Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer

Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer

Router
Contents
Router Concept

Basic Working Theory of Router

Classification and Development of Router

Parameter Indexes of Router

 Basis of Router Working - Routing
Go out from
Go to R4
Ethernet port and
then arrive.
R3
Go to R2

PC-B
I want to go to
192.168.1.1

R2 R4 192.168.1.1/24

PC-A

192.168.0.1/24 R1

•Routing: the path information, guiding the transmission of

IP packets.
 The Key Point of Transferring Data of Router
- Routing Table
• Routing Table
1.1.2.1/24 1.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.1.2
1.1.0.1/24 1.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 F0
1.1.3.1/24 1.1.5.1 255.255.255.255 1.1.3.2
1.1.1.1/24 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.2.1
1.1.1.2/24 ……

• Basic Rule of Routing Table Entry:

If data will go to xxx address (network),
router will transfer it to next router
1.1.4.1/24 (xxx address), or transfer it from one of
local interface.
Ensure the Accuracy of Routing Table
Do not bother me.
You should to to R1!

R3
I think R3 knows
how to go……

I want to go to
192.168.1.1

R2 R4 192.168.1.1/24

192.168.0.1/24 R1
I do not know. Go
to R2.
 Routing Source
• Directly-connected route discovered by link layer
protocol
Low cost, simple configuration, manual maintenance
is not need. Only the network segment routes of the
local interface can be discovered.

• Static route configured manually

No cost, simple configuration, need manual
maintenance, suitable for the network with simple
topology structure

• Dynamic route discovered by dynamic routing

protocol
Large cost, complicated configuration, manual
maintenance is not needed, suitable for the network
with complicated topology structure.
Features of Static Route

Do everything
according to the rules.

Router A Router B

• Static route: It is the fixed routing table set by the network administrator
in the router. It does not change without human intervention. It is
usually used in the small network with fixed topology structure.
• Advantages: Simple, high-efficiency, reliable, high-priority.
• Disadvantages: It cannot adapt the change of the network environment.
Features of Dynamic Routing
OK, A friend in court is better
Let’s talk it over. than a penny in purse

Router A Router B
• Dynamic route: run dynamic routing protocol between routers in the
network to transmit route information; use the received route
information to update the routing table. It is suitable for large network
that often changes.
• Advantages: It can adapt the change of the network structure in real time.
If the network changes, all routers in the network re-calculate the route.
• Disadvantages: The various dynamic routing protocols occupy the
network bandwidths and CPU resources.
 Basic Theory of Route Forwarding
I want to go to
Maipu. • IP packet

The left road

is to Maipu.
• Match host route

Maipu is in
high-tech zone. • Longest mask
• Match segment route matching rule
This way!
please.
I do not know.
Go to ask that • Match default gateway
person.

Sorry. I do Un-reachable,
not know. drop it
The Brief Workflow of Router
• Receive frames, remove the frame header and get IP packet

• Integrity verification and option processing of IP packet header

• Local submit of IP packet and addressing to forward IP packet

• Forwarding authentication (ACL) --- optional

• Life time TTL processing

• NAT processing --- optional

• IPSec tunnel encryption processing --- optional

• Packet fragment (MTU value)

• Addressing of link layer

• Encapsulate and send data frames

Contents Router Concept

Basic Working Theory of Router

Classification and Development of Router

Parameter Indexes of Router

 Router Classification (1)

Router OS
Software

• Classify according to the realizing mode of the router functions:

Software router and hardware router

 Router Classification (2)

• Classify according to whether the functions are modular:

Modular router and fixed router

 Router Classification (3)
For broadband
High-performance,
environment, economic
high-reliability

Multi-service
supporting, high-
expansibility

• Classify according to applicable network environment:

Carrier-class router, enterprise-class router, and home router

 Router Classification (4)
Core router

Aggregation router

Access router

• Classify according to the locating network level:

In various network environments, each router has specified functions. According to
the functions, the routers are classified to backbone layer (core-level) router,
distribution (aggregation-level) router, and access layer (access-level) router.
Router Development

First generation router with single bus and single CPU

Second generation router with single bus and active/standby CPU

Third generation router with single bus and multiple CPUs

Fourth generation router with multiple buses and multiple CPUs

Fifth generation router with sharing memory structure

Sixth generation router with cross switch structure

Contents
Router Concept

Basic Working Theory of Router

Classification and Development of Router

Parameter Indexes of Router

Example of Router Hardware Parameters

Product configuration
Console Private 10/100M
Product Model MIM
Port Slots Ethernet Ports
MP2818-24-AC
1 8 0 2FE + 24FE
MP2818-24-DC48
Performance parameters
Processor High-speed RISC processor
Flash 64Mbytes
Memory 64M/128M/256Mbytes
Throughput MP2804/MP2806: 130-160Kpps
MP2816/MP2818: 180-200Kpps
 Description of Router Hardware Parameters
Interface density:
Interface type:
The maximum number of
The interface types supported by router each kind of interfaces
supported by the router

CPU:
Memory:
The heart of the router, deciding
the router performance Divided to flash, RAM and so on,
storing the router information and
program
Description of Router Performance Parameters
Router

• Throughput (packet forwarding rate):

It is an important performance index of the router. It is measured by the
number of the IP packets forwarded in unit time (pps)

• Ethernet port bi-directional test calculation formula of

throughput:
Throughput=Bandwidth of direction 1/[8*(64+8+12)] + Bandwidth of direction 2
/[8*(64+8+12)]
 Example of Supported Protocols/Standards

Standard and protocols

PPP, SLIP, SDLC, FR, LLC2, ISDN, X.25, HDLC, LAPB, Ethernet_II,
Link protocol
Ethernet_SNAP, 802.1Q
Network TCP/IP, ICMP, UDP, FTP, TFTP, SNMP, TELNET, RLOGIN, DHCP, HTTP, DNS,
protocol ARP, DLSw, DDR
Routing Static route, RIPv1, RIPv2, OSPF, BGP, NDSP, IRMP, SNSP, IGMP, DVMRP,
protocol PIM-SM/DM
Network PPP encryption, L2TP, GRE, policy routing, AAA, IPSec, IKE, PKI, CA,
security MPLS L2/L3VPN, SSH, SNMP V3
IP telephone H.323 protocol stack, H.225, H.245, RTP/RTCP, RTP compression,
T.38/T.30, G.711A, G.729, G.723.1(6.3K)
QoS FIFO, PQ, CQ, FQ, WFQ, CBWFQ, LLQ, CAR, SPD, WRED, flow shaping
 All In One
Router

Transmission
Switch device
IP telephone Wireless device

Data encryption Service

supporting

Security control QOS

IP routing
IP Network Constructed by Routers
Servers NMS

Core switch A Core switch B

Aggregation router Standby router

Carrier A Carrier B
PC PC

Branch router Branch router